broccoli, brussels sprouts, cabbage, & cauliflower
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4/13/2021
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DIGGING DEEPER:
Speaker: Jenna Nees, Purdue Extension – Putnam County & Putnam Co. SWCD
Best Practices for Broccoli, Brussels Sprouts, Cabbage, & Cauliflower
Purdue Extension Area 5 Ag and Natural Resource Educators
Clay & Owen Co. Bob Brunerrfbruner@purdue.edu
Greene Co. Sadie Davis davis186@purdue.edu
Monroe Co.Amy Thompson afthompson@purdue.edu
Parke Co. Kurt Lanzone klanzone@purdue.edu
Putnam Co. Jenna Nees smith535@purdue.edu
Sullivan Co. Brooke Stefancikbstefan@purdue.edu
Vermillion Co. Phil Cox cox119@purdue.edu
Vigo Co. Tabby Flinncarroll@purdue.edu
4/13/2021
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Best Practices for Broccoli, Brussels Sprouts, Cabbage, Cauliflower
What are the similarities?
Brassica oleracea
• Each has been selected for a specific form/feature Cole crops
• Prefer cool temperatures
• Most are prone to the same insect pests and diseases
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Best Practices for Broccoli, Brussels Sprouts, Cabbage, Cauliflower
Broccoli
Various types
• Annual green, purple “heading”, Romanesco, and sprouting Unopen flower
buds, stems, and young, tender leaves can be eaten
Approximately 3 feet tall
4Photo and art by Erika Lyon, Ohio State University Extension
4/13/2021
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Best Practices for Broccoli, Brussels Sprouts, Cabbage, Cauliflower
Broccoli
Start seeds indoors 5-7 weeks before anticipated planting date
• ¼ to ½ inch deep Transplant outside 4-6 weeks before average last frost date
• Seedlings should have a least 4 pairs of leaves Space 18-24 inches apart with rows 36 inches apart Planting can continue into April & May in the coldest parts
of Indiana Plant in late summer for a fall harvest
• Assume harvest will be on the average first frost date then count back (& add 10 days) to determine planting time
• Can seed directly into garden
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Best Practices for Broccoli, Brussels Sprouts, Cabbage, Cauliflower
Broccoli
Well-drained, fertile soil
• Avoid sandy or poorly drained soil 6-6.5 pH Starter fertilizer may be used to help establish plants in
the spring Side-dress with 0.1 lb actual N per 100 ft2 3 weeks after
transplanting
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Best Practices for Broccoli, Brussels Sprouts, Cabbage, Cauliflower
Broccoli
Early Maturity • Leprechaun • Regal • Green Comet • Emperor
Midseason varieties • Green Valiant • Premium Crop • Goliath • Gypsy
Late varieties • Marathon• Triathlon • Arcadia
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Best Practices for Broccoli, Brussels Sprouts, Cabbage, Cauliflower
Broccoli
Physical Problems
• Bolting
• High summertime temperatures
• Buttons
• Stress induced due to cold temperatures, insects or pathogen pressure, nutrient deficiencies
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Best Practices for Broccoli, Brussels Sprouts, Cabbage, Cauliflower
Broccoli
Harvest while the buds are tight and before any yellow petals show
Cut the central stem 5-6 inches below the head Side shoots may develop and be harvested at a later date Harvested broccoli can
keep for 10-14 days if stored properly
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Best Practices for Broccoli, Brussels Sprouts, Cabbage, Cauliflower
Brussels Sprouts
Named after the city Brussels, Belgium Cool season vegetable Long time to reach maturity Grown for the enlarged buds at the
base of the leaves called sprouts
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Best Practices for Broccoli, Brussels Sprouts, Cabbage, Cauliflower
Brussels Sprouts
Seeds should be ¼ to ½ inch deep Germination within 5 days Transplant seedings after 4-5 weeks Spring plantings not wildly successful in Indiana Fall plantings should occurring in early July in northern
Indiana and by mid-August in southern Indiana Plant 15 to 18 inches apart in rows with about 30 inches
between rows
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Best Practices for Broccoli, Brussels Sprouts, Cabbage, Cauliflower
Brussels Sprouts
Fertile, well drained, organic soils 6.2-6.8 pH Starter fertilizer needed when planting into cold soil
(spring planting) Needs 1 – 1 ½ inches of water a week Side dress with 0.1 lb actual N per 100 ft2 about 3
weeks after transplanting
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Best Practices for Broccoli, Brussels Sprouts, Cabbage, Cauliflower
Brussels Sprouts
Jade Cross E.
• Large sprouts
• 90 days to maturity Long Island Improved
• Old-time variety
• 90 days to maturity Prince Marvel
• 90 days to maturity
Valiant
• 90 days to maturity Royal Marvel
• 85 days to maturity
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Best Practices for Broccoli, Brussels Sprouts, Cabbage, Cauliflower
Brussels Sprouts
Temperature Problems
• Too warm = bitter taste
• Frost = more firm and less bitter
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Best Practices for Broccoli, Brussels Sprouts, Cabbage, Cauliflower
Brussels Sprouts
Harvest the lowest buds first
• 1 – 2 inches in size
• Remove the leaf below the harvested bud
• Remove sprouts by twisting them off the plant Store harvested Brussel sprouts in the refrigerator or
freeze
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Best Practices for Broccoli, Brussels Sprouts, Cabbage, Cauliflower
Cabbage
Cultivated for more than 4,000 years High in:
• Dietary fiber
• Iron
• Vitamin C
• Vitamin K
• Folate
• Manganese
• Other important nutrients
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Best Practices for Broccoli, Brussels Sprouts, Cabbage, Cauliflower
Cabbage
Start seeds indoors for spring harvest plants
• Transplant 2-6 weeks before average last frost date
• Transplants should be stocky with 4-6 true leaves and a stem about the size of a pencil
• Plants should be 12-24 inches apart with rows about 18 inches apart
Fall harvest plants should be transplanted 7-9 weeks before average first frost date
• Seeds can be planted directly into the soil
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Best Practices for Broccoli, Brussels Sprouts, Cabbage, Cauliflower
Cabbage
Fertile, well-drained, moist soil with plenty of organic matter
6.0-6.8 soil pH Mulching helps keep the ground cool and moist Shallow root system, so avoid tilling near the plants Starter fertilizer useful when planting into cold soil Side-dress with 0.1 lb actual N/100 ft2 about 3 weeks
after transplanting
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Best Practices for Broccoli, Brussels Sprouts, Cabbage, Cauliflower
Cabbage
Early Maturing
• Stone Head
• Charmant
• Regal Red
Late Maturing
• Bronco
• Blue Pak
• Cheers
• Rio Verde
• Red Acre
• Ruby Perfection
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Best Practices for Broccoli, Brussels Sprouts, Cabbage, Cauliflower
Cabbage
Physical Problems
• Bolting
• Result of low temperatures for more than 2 weeks
• Splitting
• Result of a dry spell followed by lots of rain or simply when warm weather stimulates rapid growth
• Root damage
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Best Practices for Broccoli, Brussels Sprouts, Cabbage, Cauliflower
Cabbage
Harvest by cutting the stem immediately under the head, leaving the loose out leaves
Smaller heads (2-4”) may grow at the base of the leaves on the cut stump
Cabbage can be stored in a refrigerator for several weeks or up to 5 months if environment is correct
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Best Practices for Broccoli, Brussels Sprouts, Cabbage, Cauliflower
Cauliflower
Hardy biennial Nutritious and color Head, called the curd, is made of dormant flower buds Purple and green varieties exist
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Best Practices for Broccoli, Brussels Sprouts, Cabbage, Cauliflower
Cauliflower
For spring plantings, put transplants in the ground 2-3 weeks before average last frost date
• Start seeds indoors 5-7 weeks earlier
• Transplants should have 3-4 pair of true leaves on them
• Space plants 18-24 inches apart with rows about 24 inches apart
For fall harvest, plant transplants 7-9 weeks before average first frost date
• Place transplants further apart
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Best Practices for Broccoli, Brussels Sprouts, Cabbage, Cauliflower
Cauliflower
Fertilize, well-drained, moist soil with plenty of organic matter
6.0 to 6.8 soil pH Starter fertilizer useful when planting into cold soil Side-dress with 0.1 lb actual N/100 ft2 about 3 weeks
after transplanting Mulching will help keep the ground cool and moist
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Best Practices for Broccoli, Brussels Sprouts, Cabbage, Cauliflower
Cauliflower
Early Maturing
• Snow Crown
• Fermont
• Montana
• Early White
• Minuteman
• Cheddar
Midseason
• Snowball
• Andes
• White Sails
• Apex
• Candid Charm
• Snowball Y
• Rushmore
• Amazing
• White Passion
• Violet Queen
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Best Practices for Broccoli, Brussels Sprouts, Cabbage, Cauliflower
Cauliflower
Physical Problems
• Button
• Any factor that interrupts growth can cause this
• Rough or discolored curd (or not curd formation)
• Result of temperatures above 80⁰F
• Blanching
• Needed to get white curd
• Even self-blanching varieties may need help
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Best Practices for Broccoli, Brussels Sprouts, Cabbage, Cauliflower
Cauliflower
Harvest after the curd has turned white and reaches mature size
Cut below the head with a sharp knife The cut stump will not produce a second harvest Store in a refrigerator for up to 2 weeks
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Best Practices for Broccoli, Brussels Sprouts, Cabbage, Cauliflower
Common Insect/Pest Problems
Aphids
• Broccoli, Brussels sprouts, cabbage, & cauliflower
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Russ Ottens, University of Georgia, Bugwood.org
Alton N. Sparks, Jr., University of Georgia, Bugwood.org
Whitney Cranshaw, Colorado State University, Bugwood.org
Important Cabbage Worm
• Broccoli, cabbage, & cauliflower
Cabbage Looper
• Broccoli, Brussels sprouts, cabbage, & cauliflower
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Best Practices for Broccoli, Brussels Sprouts, Cabbage, Cauliflower
Common Insect/Pest Problems
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Whitney Cranshaw, Colorado State University, Bugwood.org
Diamondback Moth
• Broccoli
Slugs
• Cabbage & Cauliflower
Flea Beetles
• Brussels sprouts, Cabbage, & Cauliflower
Cabbage Root Maggot
• Cabbage & Cauliflower
Howard F. Schwartz, Colorado State University, Bugwood.org
Best Practices for Broccoli, Brussels Sprouts, Cabbage, Cauliflower
Common Disease Problems
Blackleg
• Broccoli, Brussels sprouts, cabbage, & cauliflower Black rot
• Broccoli, Brussels sprouts, cabbage, & cauliflower Clubroot
• Broccoli, cabbage, & cauliflower
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Gerald Holmes, Strawberry Center, Cal Poly San Luis Obispo, Bugwood.org
4/13/2021
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Clay & Owen Co. Bob Brunerrfbruner@purdue.edu
Greene Co. Sadie Davis davis186@purdue.edu
Monroe Co.Amy Thompson afthompson@purdue.edu
Parke Co. Kurt Lanzone klanzone@purdue.edu
Putnam Co. Jenna Nees smith535@purdue.edu
Sullivan Co. Brooke Stefancikbstefan@purdue.edu
Vermillion Co. Phil Cox cox119@purdue.edu
Vigo Co. Tabby Flinncarroll@purdue.edu
Purdue Extension Area 5 Ag and Natural Resource Educators
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To file a program discrim ination com plaint, a com plainant should com plete a Form AD-3027, USDA Program Discrim ination Com plaint Form , which can be obtained online at www.usda.gov/sites/default/files/docum ents/usda-program discrim ination-com plaint-form .pdf, from any USDA office, by calling (866) 632-9992, or by writing a letter addressed to USDA.
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m ail:U.S. Departm ent of AgricultureOffice of the Assistant Secretary for Civil Rights1400 Independence Avenue, SWW ashington, D.C. 20250-9410; orfax:(833) 256-1665 or (202) 690-7442;em ail:program .intake@ usda.gov.
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