bsdt2014 panacea session2panacea-co2.org/content/brainstormingday/bsdt2014... · 2015. 2. 8. ·...
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ITG
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Herbert HuppertProcesses in the reservoir
Sleipner
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leakage / seepage
(Bickle 2009)
Sleipner:
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Atm
osph
eric
ca
rbon
dio
xide
in p
pm Mauna Loa Observatory
310
320
330
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1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
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• Theory
• Laboratory experimentation
• Interpretation of field data
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Competing phenomena
• Trappingstructural trappingcapillary (or residual) trappingdissolution trapping mineralisation
• Leakage
• Far-field brine migration
• Structural uplift
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Fluid source in porous mediumAxisymmetric gravity currents in a porous medium (Lyle et al., JFM 543, 293 - 302)
rN t( )= ηN γQ/φ( )1 4t 1 2
rN (t)
z
r
h (r,t)
inputdensity ρ
Porous mediuminterstitial fluid density
ρ + ∆ρ
Porous mediuminterstitial fluid density
h r,t( )
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0
1
2
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4
5
0
2
4
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10
0
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1996 2000 2004 2008 1996 2000 2004 2008
Horizon 2 Horizon 5
Horizon 6 Horizon 9r2 (m2 x 105)
Sleipner Data
year year
0
1
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0
2
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10
0
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0
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t1
t2
t3
kkbk
Modelling flow along low permeability layers
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Lateral extent of overriding current
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0.97
0.98
0.99
1.00
1.01
1.02
0 20 40 60 80 100
MEG/Water mixes
Den
sity
(g/
cc)
V% MEGWater
54% MEG
51% MEG
48% MEG
Convective dissolution
MEG = methanol plus ethylene glycol
J. Neufeld, M. Hesse, A. Riaz, M. Hallworth, H. Tchelpi & HEH, GRL
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At Sleipner
⇒ Ra = 1.4 x 104 >> 1
⇒ FCO2 = 18 kg m2 yr−1
⇒ FCO2 A ≈ 0.1 MT yr−1
k = 2.5 x 10-9 m2 ρ∆− ≈10.5 kg/m µ ≈ 4.5 x 106 Pa sH ≈ 20m
A ≈ 5.6 x 106 m2
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x
h (x,t)
inputdensity ρ
ρ + ∆ρ
bW
k
x
inputdensity ρ
ρ + ∆ρ
bW
kh (x,t)
Leakage(Neufeld, Vella, HEH & Lister, JFM x 3)
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t
xN
xN+
xN-
Up- and downstream extent –- theory and experiment
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∝ t−1 2 t → ∞( )i.e. asymptotically it all leaks
volume in current
volume injected= = efficiency of storageξ
t
ξ
ελ = 0
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ξ
t (days)
Using parameters relevant to Sleipner
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2-D
point source & sink
point source/line sink
ξ → t−1 2
ξ → 1 lnt
ξ → t−2 5
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Leakage from a slope P. Zimoch, J. Neufeld & D. Vella, JFM
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ξ
t
Efficiency for storage on a slope, theory and experiment
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• anisotropic heterogeneous permeability
• chemical reactions with hot rock
• convection (thermal and/or volatile/dissolution driven)
• possible dissolution leading to changes in viscosity and density
• mineralisation
Additional effects
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Costs
~ 2% GDP
~ 1 year’s growth
20 - 100% extra per unitfor capture, transport and storage
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US Sequestration Opportunities
Billion Metric Tons of CO 2
Billion Tons of CO2
Billion Metric Tons of CO 2
Billion Tons of CO2
BIG SKY 271 299 1,085 1,196MGSC 29 32 115 127MRCSP 47 52 189 208PCOR 97 107 97 107SECARB 360 397 1,440 1,587SOUTHWEST 18 20 64 71WESTCARB 76 84 304 335
Total 898 991 3,294 3,631
CO2 Capacity Estimates by PartnershipDeep Saline Formations
Low High
Field Studies
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Current sequestration projects
AII
CCP2
MGSC
Mountaineer
PCORMRSCP
Frio
Weyburn II
Gorgon
Otway
Callide
COACHLacq
InSalahHassi Touareg
Karniow
KetzinSleipner
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• Fluid mechanics can help quantitatively in the interpretation of carbon dioxide injection and spreading
• Simple models for flow in one layer describe aspects of the evolution at Sleipner
• Convective dissolution of carbon dioxide into the surrounding brine can be quantified
• Leakage through a fracture could be substantial
Conclusions
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ITG
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BEM/MRM 37, September 2014, New Forest, UK
Interfacial ProcessModelling
University of Nottingham
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•
Viscous Fingering
β = 70β = 2
Images from: http://www.petrowiki.org
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CO2 Injection
A temperature distribution resulting from the temperature difference between the injected CO2 and resident brine can result in a significant rate of evaporation from the brine, that can affect the evolution of the fingers.
Finger break
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� Surface tension depends on temperature
� CO2 is injected at a different temperature that the ambient brine
� If surface tension were to vary along an interface, there would be an imbalance of forces which in turn would cause flow, modifying the CO2 plume evolution
Marangoni effect
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Results – Comparison
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Dissolution-driven convection of a reactive solute
Ra : Rayleigh number, giving the relative
importance of buoyancy forces to solute
diffusivity,
Da : Damköhler number, giving the rate
of reaction compared to the rate of
solute transport by the flow,
Sh: dimensionless flux of solute into the
cell.
C : dimensionless solute
concentration,
Ψ : dimensionless stream function,
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Effect of chemical reaction on the time-averaged flux of solute
Time-averaged flux for increasing rates of reaction
Time- and horizontally-averaged concentration profiles
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