btk creative-web-03
Post on 26-Jun-2015
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#Creative WebAdvanced CSS
#Units: Pixels1px is fixed and not adaptive, 1px is always 1px.
.selector { width: 200px;}
#Units: EMsEMs are flexible. By default 1em = 16px (depends on font-size)
.selector { width: 12.5em; /*probably 200px*/}
#EMsName: EMs are named after the letter “M”, because they are defined as the with of the letter M. Note that a standard with at a given font-size is used and the font you choose does not effect the size of EMs.
Size: EMs adjust with the font-size and the user font-size settings. If you set the font-size of an element “.parent” to 2em, an element inside “.parent” with font-size of 1em be as big as the 2em in parent. Because of the inheritance of the default font-size.
#Quiz
body { font-size: 16px;} .a { font-size: 2em;} .b { font-size: 1em;}
<body> <span class=“a”>Hello</span> <span class=“b”>Hello</span> <span class=“c”>Goodbye</span> </body>
#Quiz
body { font-size: 16px;} .a { font-size: 2em;} .b { font-size: 1em;}
<body> <div class=“a”> Hello <span class=“b”>Hello</span> </div> <span class=“c”>Goodbye</span> </body>
#Units: Root emRems are like ems, but only use root font-size for calculation.
.selector { width: 12.5rem;}
#Root emsSize: Ems rely on the font-size of their respective parent element to calculate their own font-size. Rems in contrast always use the font-size of the root (html-element) to calculate their size. This solves the typical nightmare of impossible to control font-size when using ems.
#Quiz
body { font-size: 16px;} .a { font-size: 2rem;} .b { font-size: 1rem;}
<body> <span class=“a”>Hello</span> <span class=“b”>Hello</span> <span class=“c”>Goodbye</span> </body>
#Quiz
body { font-size: 16px;} .a { font-size: 2rem;} .b { font-size: 1rem;}
<body> <div class=“a”> Hello <span class=“b”>Hello</span> </div> <span class=“c”>Goodbye</span> </body>
#Browser supportIE9+ is supported, so we are good using this in most projects.
#Need IE<9?If lower IE support is needed a fallback in px can be used.
.selector { font-size: 32px; /*older IE*/ font-size: 2rem; /*modern browsers*/ }
#FallbacksOften times when browsers do not support new values, they will just ignore the declaration entirely.Consider that normally when you declare a property twice, the later one overwrites the earlier one.
This is very helpful for fallbacks. You declare a property with a value that all browsers understand, like “px” and redeclare this property with a new value like “rem” afterwards. In supported browsers the new property overwrites the first declaration, while in older browsers the second declaration is ignored and only the supported value will be used.
#Hacking remMake rem easier by setting font-size to 62.5%. Now 1rem equals 10 px.
html { font-size: 62.5%; } .selector { font-size: 1rem; /* 1rem = 10px*/ }
Some properties are inherited from the parent element.
#Inheritance
Hello !
!Hello
#CSS inheritanceInheritance: Some properties like color or font-size are inherited from parent elements. Others, like border properties or floats are not.
Visit https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/Reference to find out which properties are inherited.
!
You can always overwrite inheritance by redefining a property in a child element.
The level of detail with which something is described.
#Colors
IndianRed
Hex #7C948E
rgb(140,165,160)
rgba(140,165,160,0.99)
hsla(170,15%,65%,1)
#CSS ColorsKeywords: Do not use the keywords like IndianRed, you can not tweak the color, have no alpha options and may not have an idea what the color looks like afterwards.Rgb(a): Rgba is you best choice, you can learn what the values mean (same as in Photoshop) and you have a transparency option. Also you can adjust colors by tweaking the values for each color channel.Hsl(a): Do not use hsl(a) if you do not have a compelling reason for doing so.Hey: Do not use hex it has no alpha channel.
#CSS Colors - continuedAlpha: The alpha channel is always in 100% but uses numbers from 1 (100%) to 0 (0%) instead of percent numbers.This means 0.5 equals 50% and 0.03 equals 3%.As with any css number you can leave out the 0 before the decimal delimiter (.5 = 0.5).
#Resets & normaliseBrowsers have a default way of styling elements. This can make css tricky.Resets & normalisers rest the css to a standard.
#ResetsResets to use for any project.
html { font-size: 62.5%; /*if you use rem, 1rem = 10px*/ box-sizing: border-box; } body { margin: 0;} *, *:before, *:after { box-sizing: inherit; }
#Resets & normaliseResets add weight to you page. You should consider only using resets for elements that you use often and reset the default in a similar way. This small reset can live in the top section of your css file, no need for another css file.E.g. if you remove the “text-decoration:underline” from all your links, you can reset it, if you change the link color to different colors all the time, don’t reset it.
IndianRed
#Everything is a boxEvery element is a rectangular box.
Margin
Padding
Size
Border
border-box
content-box
#Box modelEvery html-element is a rectangular box for the browser. The box model describes the rules for how the size of a box is calculated.
content-box is the default for many elements. Only with and height are considered. This means a box with height of 20px and a padding-top of 10px is 30px in height.border-box uses width/height as well as padding and border for the size. A box with 20px height, padding-top of 10px and border-top of 5px is 20px high. padding and border are on the “inside” of the element.
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