buddhism, confucianism & daoism. main idea 1.buddhism, which teaches people that they can escpae...
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MAIN IDEA
1. BUDDHISM, WHICH TEACHES PEOPLE THAT THEY CAN ESCPAE THE SUFFERING OF THE WORLD THROUGH THE BUDDHA’S TEACHINGS, DEVELOPED IN INDIA AND SPREAD TO OTHER PARTS OF ASIA AND THE WORLD.
2. WHAT NEW PHILOSOPHIES WERE INTRODUCED IN CHINA UNDER THE SHANG AND ZHOU DYNASTIES?
THE LIFE OF THE BUDDHA
• EARLY LIFE– Founder was Siddhartha
Gautama– Aged 29– Born a prince in the
500s BC– Lived a very sheltered
life, free from suffering and poverty
– Had a realization there was evil and bad in the world and wanted to find out how to overcome it
• BUDDHA’S ENLIGHTENMENT– Sought enlightenment, or
spiritual understanding, for six years
– Studied with teachers called gurus and with monks – non-enlightened
– Sat under a tree, determined to find a way to end human suffering
– Meditated all night, faced with temptations and storms, and when dawn came, he was transformed.
THE TEACHINGS OF BUDDHISM
• The Four Noble Truths– Suffering is a part of
human life. No one can escape from suffering while alive.
– Suffering comes from people’s desires for pleasure and material goods.
– Overcoming these desires during life eventually brings sufferings to an end.
– Desires can be overcome by following the Eightfold Path
THE TEACHINGS OF BUDDHISM
• The Eightfold Path– Right view, or accepting the
reality of the Four Noble Truths– Right attitude, or striving for
moderation in all things– Right speech, or avoiding lies,
boasts, and hurtful words– Right action, or treating others
fairly– Right livelihood, or avoiding jobs
that could bring harm to others– Right effort, or constantly trying
to improve oneself– Right mindfulness, or remaining
aware of the world around one– Right concentration, or ignoring
temptation and discomfort while meditating
THE TEACHINGS OF BUDDHISM
• Tripitaka is the “holy book”• Those who followed the
Eightfold Path could attain NIRVANA, a state of perfect peace in which the soul would be free from suffering forever.
• If NIRVANA is not attained, you will be reborn to live through the cycle of suffering until you get it.
• THE MIDDLE WAY– Live in moderation– Avoid extremes of either comfort
or discomfort in the search of nirvana
THE BUDDHASermon at Benares, c. 528 BC
• “There are two extremes…which he who has given up the world ought to avoid. What are these two extremes? A life given to pleasures, devoted to pleasures and lusts: this is degrading, sensual, vulgar, ignoble, and profitless; and a life given to mortifications: this is painful, ignoble and profitless.”
DIVISIONS OF BUDDHISM• THERAVADA
– The Way of the Elders– Based on the writings in the Pali
Canon– Become a monk or a nun
• MAHAYANA– Anyone can reach enlightenment with
help– No need to be a monk or nun– Bodhisattvas are those who have
received enlightenment but have not reached nirvana yet
• TIBETIAN BUDDHISM– They believe they can use special
techniques to harness spiritual energy and achieve nirvana in a single lifetime
THE SPREAD OF BUDDHISM
• More than 350 million Buddhists today
• Emperor Ashoka, of India, helped spread Buddhism via missionaries
• Trade helped spread Buddhism
• Buddhism spread to China and blended with Chinese philosophies
• ZEN BUDDHISM– Emphasizes self-discipline
and meditation
NEW PHILOSOPHIES OF CHINA
• The conflicts of the late Zhou’s period led many Chinese thinkers to question the nature of society and of people’s roles in it.
• Philosophy: A way of looking at the world
• CONFUCIANISM and DAOISM
CONFUCIANISM• Based on the teachings of
Kongfuzi, aka Confucius• Born around 550 BC• Focuses on IMPROVING
SOCIETY• People should treat each other
humanely• Express love and respect for
others by practicing traditional manners and rituals– Honor ancestors
• The disappearance of love and respect causes violence
• Restoring respect for tradition would make society stable and orderly
THE ANALECTS• Confucius taught that rulers
should treat subjects fairly• In return, loyalty and respect
would be given• Respect members of the
family• Respect your elders• It is the duty of all educated
people to devote themselves to public service.
• A ruler should be advised by qualified, well-informed people– Merit over birth
• What is public service?
CONFUCIUS WISDOM…NOT CONFUSING WISDOM
1. LIFE IS REALLY SIMPLE, BUT WE INSIST ON MAKING IT COMPLICATED.2. IT DOES NOT MATTER HOW SLOWLY YOU GO AS LONG AS YOU DO NOT
STOP.3. THE WILL TO WIN, THE DESIRE TO SUCCEED, THE URGE TO REACH YOUR
FULL POTENTIAL…THESE ARE THE KEYS THAT WILL UNLOCK THE DOOR TO PERSONAL EXCELLENCE.
4. OUR GREATEST GLORY IS NOT IN NEVER FALLING, BUT IN RISING EVERYTIME WE FALL.
5. BY THREE METHODS WE MAY LEARN WISDOM: FIRST, BY REFLECTION, WHICH IS NOBLEST; SECOND, BY IMITATION, WHICH IS EASIEST; AND THIRD, BY EXPERIENCE, WHICH IS THE BITTEREST.
6. CHOOSE A JOB YOU LOVE AND YOU WILL NEVER WORK A DAY IN YOUR LIFE.7. EVERYTHING HAS BEAUTY, BUT NOT EVERYONE SEES IT.8. WHEREVER YOU GO, GO WITH ALL YOUR HEART.9. WHEN IT IS OBVIOUS THAT THE GOALS CANNOT BE REACHED, DON’T
ADJUST THE GOALS, ADJUST THE ACTION STEPS.10. I HEAR AND I FORGET. I SEE AND I REMEMBER. I DO AND I UNDERSTAND.
DAOISM• Encourages people to retreat
from the laws of society and yeld to the laws of nature
• Dao, the way, is the limitless force that is part of all creation
• By finding your dao, you can achieve harmony with the universe
• Embraces the Chinese concept of YIN and YANG– Opposites – Male and female; hot
and cold; dark and light– Cannot exist without the other
• Attributed to a Chinese philosopher: Laozi
• Daoist followers work to preserve and protect the environment
Nirvana: The soul’s attainment of perfect peace.
• BUDDHISM– Eightfold path– 4 Noble Truths– Buddha’s teaching of
true selflessness– Meditation– Every person could
reach nirvana– All people should
practice virtuous conduct, nonviolence & poverty
• HINDUISM– All things in the universe
are of the same essence as God (monism)
– Karma– Dharma– Reincarnation– Yoga– Meditation– Caste system– The world we see is an
illusion– Nirvana
CONFUCIANISM, TAOISM & BUDDHISM
• COMMON GOAL TO ALL OF THESE IS TO ESTABLISH PEACE AND HARMONY
• CONFUCIANISM: PEOPLE SHOULD DEVELOP HARMONY AMONGST THEMSELVES
HOLY BOOKS• ISLAM
– The Qu’ran
• JUDAISM– The Torah & Talmud
• CHRISTIANITY– Old and New Testament
• HINDUISM– The Vedas– The Bhagavad Gita
• BUDDHISM– The Tripitaka
• CONFUCIANISM– Dialects of Confucius
• SO WHAT?– They are the most holy books of the world’s major religions– They are significant historical documents that helped shape and guide the
lives of various civilizations
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