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Burleigh Heads Heritage & Character Study
prepared by
Environmental Resources Management Australia
Level 1, 60 Leichhardt Street Spring Hill QLD 4000
Telephone +61 7 3839 8393 Facsimile +61 7 3839 8381
www.erm.com
and
The Office of City Architect and Heritage Gold Coast City Council
for the
Gold Coast City Council
November 2010
© Gold Coast City Council
Gold Coast City Council Burleigh Heads Heritage & Character Study – November 2010
CONTENTS
1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND 1 1.2 OBJECTIVES 1 1.3 STUDY AREA 1 1.4 HERITAGE AND CHARACTER 3 1.4.1 HERITAGE STATUS 3 1.4.2 HERITAGE 4 1.4.3 CHARACTER 4 1.5 BURRA CHARTER 6 1.6 GUIDING DOCUMENTS 6 1.7 AUTHORSHIP 6 1.8 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 7 1.9 REPORT STRUCTURE 7
2 METHODOLOGY
2.1 RESEARCH 8 2.2 SURVEY 10 2.3 COMPILATION AND ASSESSMENT 12
3 HISTORY
3.1 HISTORICAL OVERVIEW 16 3.2 SUMMARY THEMATIC HISTORY OF BURLEIGH HEADS 17 3.2.1 PEOPLING THE LAND 17 3.2.2 EXPLORING, UTILISING AND TRANSFORMING THE LAND 18 3.2.3 DEVELOPING SECONDARY AND TERTIARY INDUSTRIES 20 3.2.4 MOVING GOODS, PEOPLE AND INFORMATION 23 3.2.5 BUILDING SETTLEMENTS, TOWNS AND CITIES 24 3.2.6 SOCIAL AND CULTURAL INSTITUTIONS 25 3.2.7 EDUCATING QUEENSLANDERS 27 3.3 CHRONOLOGY 27
4 HERITAGE AND CHARACTER SURVEY
4.1 PRECINCT 1 – FORESHORE, BEACHES AND HEADLANDS 29 4.1.1 DESCRIPTION 29 4.1.2 HISTORICAL THEMES 29 4.1.3 POTENTIAL STATE HERITAGE PLACES 30 4.1.4 LOCAL HERITAGE PLACES 30 4.1.5 CHARACTER PLACES 31 4.2 PRECINCT 2 – KELLY AVENUE TO GOLD COAST HIGHWAY 32 4.2.1 DESCRIPTION 32 4.2.2 HISTORICAL THEMES 32
Gold Coast City Council Burleigh Heads Heritage & Character Study – November 2010
CONTENTS
4.2.3 POTENTIAL STATE HERITAGE PLACES 32 4.2.4 LOCAL HERITAGE PLACES 33 4.2.5 CHARACTER PLACES 33 4.3 PRECINCT 3 – COMMERCIAL CENTRE 36 4.3.1 DESCRIPTION 36 4.3.2 HISTORICAL THEMES 36 4.3.3 POTENTIAL STATE HERITAGE PLACES 36 4.3.4 LOCAL HERITAGE PLACES 37 4.3.5 CHARACTER PLACES 37 4.4 PRECINCT 4 – BURLEIGH RIDGE RESIDENTIAL AREA 39 4.4.1 DESCRIPTION 39 4.4.2 HISTORICAL THEMES 40 4.4.3 POTENTIAL STATE HERITAGE PLACES 40 4.4.4 LOCAL HERITAGE PLACES 40 4.4.5 CHARACTER PLACES 40 4.5 PRECINCT 5 – BURLEIGH HEADLAND HOLIDAY AND RESIDENTIAL AREA 43 4.5.1 DESCRIPTION 43 4.5.2 HISTORICAL THEMES 43 4.5.3 POTENTIAL STATE HERITAGE PLACES 44 4.5.4 LOCAL HERITAGE PLACES 44 4.5.5 CHARACTER PLACES 45
5 CONSERVING HERITAGE AND CHARACTER
5.1 BACKGROUND 48 5.2 EXISTING PLANNING CONTROLS OVER THE STUDY AREA 49 5.2.1 BURLEIGH LOCAL AREA PLAN 49 5.2.2 BURLEIGH RIDGE LOCAL AREA PLAN 50 5.3 EXISTING PLANNING SCHEME MEASURES FOR HERITAGE CONSERVATION 50 5.3.1 CULTURAL HERITAGE (HISTORIC) 50 5.4 PROTECTION OF LOCAL HERITAGE PLACES 51 5.4.1 DEVELOPMENT WITHIN OR ADJACENT TO A HERITAGE OF CHARACTER PLACE 52 5.5 PROTECTION AND ENHANCEMENT OF HERITAGE PLACES 52
6 BIBLIOGRAPHY 56
ANNEX A HERITAGE PLACE INVENTORY 57
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1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND
Between 2007 and 2010 Environmental Resources Management Australia Pty Ltd (ERM) and the Office of the City Architect & Heritage, Gold Coast City Council, undertook a heritage and character study of Burleigh Heads on the Gold Coast.
The Gold Coast is becoming increasingly urbanised, meaning important heritage values are being lost through increasing development pressure. There had been no previous detailed heritage and character survey of Burleigh Heads, which includes some important landmark heritage and character places.
Burleigh Heads also has a strong sense of local identity and community and it is important to identify and document these places to ensure they are properly considered when planning decisions are made and to provide a record for the future.
1.2 OBJECTIVES
The aim of this study is to identify local heritage and character places, undertake a preliminary assessment of significance, and provide planning recommendations and policies for the ongoing protection of significant places. Researching the history and development of the Burleigh Heads area will provide context for the study, and a site survey confirmed and assessed the built heritage values of the area. This study will provide Gold Coast City Council with a record and assessment of the built heritage of Burleigh Heads which is important in an increasingly altered landscape.
1.3 STUDY AREA
Burleigh Heads is situated on the Gold Coast on the eastern coast of South East Queensland. It is located approximately halfway between Surfers Paradise and Coolangatta, north of Tallebudgera Creek. The study area extends from South Nobby, or Little Burleigh headland in the north to Burleigh, or Big Burleigh headland in the south. It also includes the foreshore area and esplanade and extends west to Burleigh Heads State School, the commercial centre and residential area up to the Koala Park reserve, otherwise known as Burleigh Ridge. The study area is shown outlined in red in Figure 1.
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Figure 1 Burleigh Heads Study Area
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1.4 HERITAGE AND CHARACTER
1.4.1 Heritage Status
The Gold Coast City Council maintains a local heritage register in accordance with sections 113 and 114 of the Queensland Heritage Act 1992. The register is a list of places which are important for their rarity or representativeness or for their aesthetic, architectural, archaeological, social and historical contributions to the development of the Gold Coast. Places on this list are protected under the provisions of the Queensland Heritage Regulations 2003.
There are three places within the study area entered on the Gold Coast Local Heritage Register. These places are:
Burleigh Heads Caravan Park & Caretaker’s Residence;
Grave of Sarah Duncan; and
Norfolk Pines Burleigh Foreshore
The Queensland Heritage Register (QHR) is a list of all places important for their rarity or representativeness or for their aesthetic, architectural, archaeological, social and historical contributions to the development of Queensland. The QHR is maintained by the Environmental Protection Agency (DERM) and protected under the Queensland Heritage Act 1992.
There are no places within the study area entered in the QHR following the relocation of the Infant Saviour Church to Mount Tamborine in 1999, and its subsequent removal from the QHR. However, a search of the Department of Resource Management (DERM) Cultural Heritage Information Management System (CHIMS) identified two places as being of interest in a previous forestry assessment project in the 1990s. These places are:
Burleigh Heads Aesthetic Precinct (#26035) incorporating the National Park to the low tide mark; and
Burleigh Heads NPWS Information Centre (#25596).
The Register of the National Estate is a non statutory list of places of national importance. There are a number of indigenous places within the study area, while only one non-indigenous place is identified:
Burleigh Heads National Park (#8692), listed for its natural heritage features.
The National Trust has been gathering information about heritage places in Queensland for more that three decades. This list may contain individual buildings, precincts, natural environment places or culturally significant artefacts. These listings do not normally attract any legal protection for a place, nor do they put the owner of a listed place under any legal obligation.
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However, under the Gold Coast City Council Planning Scheme, National Trust listed places are subject to the Cultural Heritage (Historic) Constraint Code. Two places within the study were included on the National Trust Heritage List, however only one of these remains today:
Burleigh Heads National Park (#GCC 1/24).
1.4.2 Heritage
In introducing the concept of the National Estate in the early 1970s, former Prime Minister Gough Whitlam, described heritage as ‘the things we want to keep’. Today communities continue to seek the “keeping” of places that are important to them culturally, socially, environmentally and scientifically. The protection of heritage through legislation is part of this recognition of places we want to conserve for current and future generations. Part of the evolution of heritage legislation has been the establishment of heritage registers through identification and assessment processes.
Heritage has intrinsic social values within the community, and can be valued differently by different people. The Gold Coast is a relatively new and ever-changing city. Continuing development is resulting in a loss of heritage. The Gold Coast underwent a boom period in the 1950s and 60s as people flocked to the area for their holidays. Remnants of this boom period are rapidly disappearing, as the concept of this modern or contemporary heritage is difficult for some people to comprehend. While these places are relatively modern in terms of their age, these places tell an important story in the development of this coastal city.
The heritage of Burleigh Heads reflects the two peak periods of development of this area; the rapid increase in residential development in the 1920s-1930s reflected in the built heritage of the Burleigh headland and Burleigh Ridge residential areas and the commercial centre, and the rapid expansion of tourism in the area from the late 1950s to the early 1970s.
1.4.3 Character
Character is often linked to the history and heritage of a place, and is what give a place its identity. Burleigh Heads was an area settled early in the history of the Gold Coast, and has been important in the development of tourism. Compared to surrounding suburbs, Burleigh Heads has not been subject to the same intensity of redevelopment and there are places remaining which reflect earlier periods and which are important in contributing to the character of Burleigh Heads today. The recently refurbished Connor Street and associated street furniture, and more modern beach houses also contribute to the identity of Burleigh Heads and are important character places.
While groupings of these character places may form a character precinct, increasing development pressure on the Gold Coast has resulted in erosion as new development tens to surround and isolate individual character places.
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The character of Burleigh Heads differs in each of the areas, but can be characterised generally by the prominence of green space, low scale strip shopping malls and a commercial centre away form the Gold Coast Highway, 20th century Queenslanders and post war fibro beach houses. The overall character of the area is reflected in the relaxed village atmosphere which is unique to Burleigh Heads.
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1.5 BURRA CHARTER
In Australia, the conservation of heritage places is guided by the Australian International Council on Monuments and Sites (ICOMOS), Burra Charter. The Burra Charter has been widely adopted as the standard for heritage conservation practice in Australia, providing a guiding philosophy for the care of places of cultural heritage significance in Australia. The preparation of this study has been guided by the principles of the Burra Charter in terms of a preparation of a contextual history, a physical inspection of the site and an assessment of significance.
1.6 GUIDING DOCUMENTS
The heritage assessment has been prepared using all relevant reference documentation, including but not limited to:
Using the Criteria: a methodology, Cultural Heritage Branch Queensland Environmental Protection Agency 2006;
Queensland Cultural Heritage Places Context Study, Thom Blake, November 2005.
The Burra Charter and Guidelines to the Burra Charter, Australia ICOMOS; and
The Heart of Paradise: The History of Burleigh Heads, Robert Longhurst, 1991.
1.7 AUTHORSHIP
This report was primarily authored by ERM heritage consultant Tina King. Field survey was undertaken by Tina King and student planner, Amy Stacey. A technical review of the document was undertaken by ERM principal heritage architect, John Hoysted, and ERM principal planner, Sandy Vigar.
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1.8 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
ERM gratefully acknowledge the assistance of GCCC heritage team leader, Dr Kevin Rains for his knowledge and guidance throughout the project and the following people:
Greg Betts, Local Councillor;
The Gold Coast and Hinterland Historical Society and Museum;
National Parks and Wildlife Service staff including information centre volunteers and head ranger, John Kennedy;
Burleigh Heads State School staff, particularly librarian Barbara Gleeson.
1.9 REPORT STRUCTURE
This heritage and character study of Burleigh Heads is arranged in a logical sequence:
Introduction and background of the report including previously recorded places of cultural heritage significance in the study area;
Historical background of Burleigh Heads, and identification of key themes in the development of the study area;
Methodology and results of the site survey;
Recommendations for the future protection of identified heritage and character places; and
Bibliography.
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2 METHODOLOGY
This section outlines the methodology used in the Burleigh Heads Heritage and Character Study and outlines the processes used from the initial research phase through to the survey and assessment phases of the project and how each of these was undertaken.
2.1 RESEARCH
The first step in the survey process was to undertake historical research and identify key themes in the development of the area which would help to identify sites of significance using DERM’s Queensland Thematic Framework. The Queensland Thematic Framework was developed by Queensland historian, Dr Thom Blake, from the model developed for the Australian Heritage Commission in the 1990s. This is found at Table 2. The thematic history of the study area is important for the following reasons:
It ensures the places that are identified for conservation reflect and represent the historical development of Burleigh Heads;
It can provide knowledge of places of historical importance that might not otherwise come to be identified or for which there may be little if any visible evidence (such as potential historic and archaeological sites); and
It is a useful tool when undertaking comparative assessments of the significance of particular places.
Historical research also included the examination of historical aerial photos, early survey plans and photographs of Burleigh and previous contextual histories of the area such as Robert Longhurst’s 1991 publication, “The Heart of Paradise.”
Part of the research process also included consultation with GCCC and local Councillor, Greg Betts regarding sensitive places within the study area.
Gold Coast City Council Burleigh Heads Heritage & Character Study – November 2010
Table 1 Queensland Thematic Framework
Queensland Thematic Framework 1 Peopling Places 3.11 Lodging people 7 Maintaining Order
1.1 The first Inhabitants 3.12 Catering for Tourists 7.1 Policing and maintaining law and order 1.2 Migration from outside and within 3.13 Adorning Queenslanders 7.2 Government and public administration 1.3 Encounters between Indigenous and non-Indigenous
peoples 4 Working 7.3 Customs and quarantine services
1.4 Family and marking the phases of life 4.1 Organising workers and workplaces 7.4 Local government 2 Exploiting, utilising and transforming the land 4.2 Caring for workers’ dependant children 7.5 Withstanding physical threats to order 2.1 Exploring, surveying and mapping the land 4.3 Working in offices 7.6 Defending the country 2.2 Exploiting natural resources 4.4 Unpaid labour 8 Creating social and cultural institutions 2.3 Pastoral activities 4.5 Trying to make crime pay 8.1 Worshipping and religious institutions 2.4 Agricultural activities 4.6 Surviving as Indigenous people in a white-
dominated country 8.2 Cultural activities
2.5 Managing water 4.7 Working as exploited/indentured labour 8.3 Organisations and societies 2.6 Managing flora and fauna 5 Moving goods, people and information 8.4 Festivals 2.7 Experimenting, developing technologies and
innovation 5.1 Utilising human movement 8.5 Sport and recreation
2.8 Protecting and conserving the environment. 5.2 Using draught animals 8.6 Commemorating significant events 2.9 Valuing and appreciating the environment and
landscapes 5.3 Using rail 9 Educating Queenslanders
3 Developing secondary and tertiary industries 5.4 Using shipping 9.1 Primary Schooling 3.1 Feeding Queenslanders 5.5 Using motor vehicles 9.2 Secondary schooling 3.2 Developing manufacturing capacities 5.6 Using air transport 9.3 Educating adults 3.3 Developing engineering and construction industries 5.7 Telecommunications 9.4 Tertiary education 3.4 Developing economic links outside Queensland 5.8 Postal services 10 Providing health and welfare services 3.5 Struggling with remoteness, hardship and failure 6 Building settlements, towns, cities and
dwellings 10.1 Health services
3.6 Inventing devices 6.1 Establishing settlements 10.2 Caring for the homeless and destitute 3.7 Financing 6.2 Planning and forming settlements 10.3 Caring for women and children 3.8 Marketing, retailing and service industries 6.3 Developing urban services and amenities 3.9 Informing Queenslanders 6.4 Dwellings 3.1 Entertaining for Profit
9
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2.2 SURVEY
The research assisted in compiling a preliminary list of places, and the heritage and character survey was undertaken over four consecutive days during October 2007. The area was divided into five different precincts shown in Figure 2:
Foreshore, beaches and headlands;
The Esplanade;
Commercial Centre;
Burleigh Ridge residential area; and
Burleigh Headland tourist and residential area.
The area was systematically surveyed on foot starting at South Nobby Headland and surveyed one precinct at a time. Places were recorded photographically, documented on data sheets and marked on GCCC’s cadastral maps.
Further consultation with the Gold Coast and Hinterland Historical Society, staff of the NPWS Burleigh office, and staff from Burleigh Heads State School was also undertaken during this stage.
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Figure 2 Precincts Within Study Area
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2.3 COMPILATION AND ASSESSMENT
Once the study area had been surveyed, an idea of the character of the area was gained, and the list of identified heritage places was focussed and compiled in an Access database (See Annex A).
DERM’s “Using the criteria: a methodology,” was used to determine the levels of significance of identified heritage places in a State and regional context. Table 3 provides a summary framework for assessing places of State significance, which can also be applied to local heritage places by assessing places in terms of regional rather than State importance.
Cadastral information for identified heritage and character places was sourced from the Information Queensland website (www.information.qld.gov.au).
Gold Coast City Council Burleigh Heads Heritage & Character Study – November 2010
Table 2 Methodological framework for entering places in the QHR
Type of Cultural Heritage
Significance
Criterion Significance Indicators Threshold Indicators
Historical significance Scientific significance
(a) the place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland’s history
Product, result or outcome of an event, phase, movement, process, activity or way of life that has made a strong, noticeable or influential contribution to the evolution or pattern of development of our society or of our environment.
Example of a process or activity that has made a strong, noticeable or influential contribution to the evolution or pattern of development of our society or of our environment.
Influenced by an event, phase, movement, process, activity or way of life that has made a strong, noticeable or influential contribution to the evolution or pattern of development of our society or of our environment.
Has influenced an event, phase movement, process, activity or way of life that has made a strong, noticeable or influential contribution to the evolution or pattern of development of our society or of our environment.
Site of or associated with an event or activity that has made a strong, noticeable or influential contribution to the evolution or development of our society or of our environment.
Symbolic association with an event, phase, movement, process, activity or way of life that has made a strong, noticeable or influential contribution to the evolution or pattern of development of our society or of our environment.
Regional importance Earliness Representativeness Distinctiveness/
Exceptionality Rarity
All aspects of cultural heritage significance
(b) the place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland’s cultural heritage
Way of life that once was common but is now rare or that has always been uncommon or is endangered. Custom that once was common but is now rare or uncommon or no longer practised or has always been
uncommon or is endangered. Process that once was common but is now rare or uncommon or has always been uncommon or is
endangered. Function that once was common but is now rare or uncommon or has always been uncommon or is
endangered. Land use that once was common but is now rare or uncommon or has always been uncommon or is
endangered. Design or form that once was common but is now rare or uncommon or has always been uncommon.
Intactness/Integrity Distinctiveness Exceptionality
Scientific significance
(c) the place has potential
Potential to contribute new knowledge about Queensland’s history. Potential to contribute knowledge that will lead to a greater understanding of particular aspects of
Earliness Rarity
13
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Type of Cultural Heritage
Significance
Criterion Significance Indicators Threshold Indicators
Historical significance
to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of Queensland’s history
Queensland’s history. Potential to contribute knowledge that will aid in comparative analysis of similar places.
Extensiveness Intactness
Architectural significance Historical Significance
(d) the place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places
Exemplifies or illustrates in the surviving fabric: - a way of life or custom that has made a noticeable contribution to the pattern or evolution or
Queensland’s history; - the impact of ideology, value or philosophy on Queensland’s history; - a process or land use that has made a strong contribution to the pattern or evolution of Queensland’s
history; - a function that has been an important part of the pattern of Queensland’s history; - the work of a designer who made important contribution to Queensland’s built environment; - an architectural style or form that has made an influential or noticeable contribution to the evolution of
Queensland’s built environment; - a construction technique or particular use of materials that has made a conspicuous or early
contribution to the evolution of Queensland’s built environment; or - variations within, or the evolution of, or the transition of, the principal characteristics of a class of
cultural places.
Intactness/Integrity Earliness Rarity/Uncommonness Exceptionality
Aesthetic significance Architectural significance
(e) the place is important because of its aesthetic significance
Demonstrates or possesses: - Beautiful attributes; - Natural beauty or other natural aesthetic quality; - Picturesque attributes; - Evocative qualities; - Expressive attributes; - Landmark quality; or - Symbolic meaning.
Intactness Integrity Degree of deterioration Setting and location
context Demonstrated
representation
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Type of Cultural Heritage
Significance
Criterion Significance Indicators Threshold Indicators
Architectural significance Technological significance
(f) the place is important in demonstrating a high degree of creative or technical achievement at a particular period
Displays artistic value. Displays architectural excellence. Is innovative or develops new technology. Represents a breakthrough in design or construction technique. Is a particularly appropriate solution to a technical problem that extends the limits of existing technology. Adapts technology in a creative manner.
Intactness/Integrity Peer recognition/award
Social significance
(g) the place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons
Important to the community as a landmark, marker or signature. A place which offers a valued customary experience. A popular meeting or gathering place. Associated with events having a profound effect on a particular community or cultural group. A place of ritual or ceremony. Symbolically representing the past in the present. A place of essential community function leading to special attachment.
Length of association Demonstrated extent
and degree of community association.
Significant former association
Historical significance
(h)
the place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland’s history
Has a special association with:
- A person who has made an important or notable contribution to the evolution or development of our society or our physical environment;
- A group of people who have made an important or notable contribution to the evolution or development of or society or of our physical environment; or
- An organisation that has made an important or notable contribution to the evolution or development of our society or of our physical environment.
Importance of the person, group or organisation in Queensland’s history
Degree or extent of the association
Length of association
Influence of the association
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3 HISTORY
3.1 HISTORICAL OVERVIEW
Prior to European settlement, the Gold Coast region was occupied by people of the Yugambeh language group, comprising a number of different family groups that lived between the Tweed and Albert rivers including the Wangeriburra, the Miginburri, the Gugingin, the Bullongin and the Kombumerri. The Gold Coast provided a rich environment to live with an abundance of food and fresh water. They were coastal and riverine people and had an abundant diet of fish, turtles, shellfish, crab and dugong (Best and Barlow 1997:16).
The Moreton Bay Penal Establishment was established at Redcliffe Point in 1824, and in 1835 the first government recorded party explored the Gold Coast. The party landed at Main Beach and travelled south to Point Danger noting an abundance of quality timber in the region. European settlement of the Burleigh region soon followed with rich resources attracting timber getters to the area in the 1850s. Valuable cedar was cut down and transported to established settlements at Brisbane and Sydney. The rich resources which had sustained Aboriginal groups for thousands of years also attracted an increasing European population to the area, driving the local Aboriginal groups further into the hinterland.
The Town of Burleigh was surveyed by government surveyor G.L. Pratten in 1871, and the land opened in 1873. Most of the allotments were taken up in the early 1870s as homestead selections, but the town comprised little more than a hotel, store and a few dwellings until after World War I. Burleigh Heads serviced a small rural population, engaged initially in timbergetting, farming and fishing, later expanding industries to service travellers and holiday makers.
The introduction of the railway to West Burleigh, and subsequent increase in the use of cars saw Burleigh Heads gain popularity as a holiday venue in the early twentieth century. The town grew substantially in the interwar period with the establishment of the Burleigh Heads State School, a number of churches, the Bowls Club and other cultural establishments such as the Deluxe Theatre. Early residential development primarily occurred in the area bound by Burleigh Headland and Tweed Street and later spread to the area behind the commercial centre.
The Town of the South Coast was established in 1948, and the major growth in population on the Gold Coast has occurred since this time. Contemporaneous with the rest of the Gold Coast, development of Burleigh rapidly increased from the 1950s and throughout the 1960s and 1970s with the construction of holiday units, flats and lodges and more permanent post-war housing.
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The increasing tourism on the Gold Coast since the post war boom has resulted in high density development along the Gold Coast Highway, particularly on the ocean side. Compared to neighbouring areas, Burleigh Heads today is unique in the positioning of the commercial centre off the highway, and the retention of interwar houses, and houses, units and lodges from the 1950s/1960s boom, all of which contribute to the character of Burleigh Heads and contribute to its unique village atmosphere.
3.2 SUMMARY THEMATIC HISTORY OF BURLEIGH HEADS
The following summary thematic history of Burleigh Heads uses DERM’s thematic framework for Queensland and identifies key historical themes in the development of Burleigh Heads.
3.2.1 Peopling the Land
Burleigh Heads and its vicinity was amongst the most popular food gathering localities for the Kombumerri, and had ample fresh water close to the beach in the form of lagoons. West Burleigh was known as Caningeraba, which meant ‘oyster ground’ (Steele 1984:62) and fishing was done with a scoop nets, set nets, weirs, fish traps and spears.
The National Park was sacred ground belonging to the spirit hero Jabreen, and this story was captured by pioneer William Hanlon who had a long acquaintance with the Kombumerri going back to the 1870s:
“hot, tired and perspiring after a day’s strenuous hunting, and the gorging of kuppai (honey) near what we call “Little Tallebudgera” came out of the bush on to the ocean beach, which in those days was one level and unbroken stretch of sand-dunes right from Kijeragah (the kaloon tree), at the mouth of Nerang Creek, to the Tweed. The tumbling waters of the ocean looked very cool and inviting. Casting down his weapons he swam out to the horizon and back. Coming ashore he picked up his fighting waddy, which was of titanic size proportionate to the towering bulk of the god who wielded it, and thus sprang into existence the rocky outcrop which we now call Little Burleigh.
Feeling the pangs of hunger after his long swim he hunted around till he found another “sugarbag” (bees’ nest) which he cut out of the tree and feeded greedily upon. His hands and body being smeared with the sticky nectar he returned to the beach to wash himself in the sea (though a “vulgar” version tells that he performed his ablutions by urinating on his hands and thus laving his body). After he had cleansed himself he rose up to his full height and stretched his arms skyward. The level ground thereupon rose up to the elevation of his finger-tips, and thus was formed the precipitous headland which we have named Big Burleigh, or Burleigh Head. (Hanlon 1935:233-4)”
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3.2.2 Exploring, utilising and transforming the land
By the 1850s, the rich cedar forests attracted timber-getters to the area with temporary camps being set up in the area around Burleigh Heads. A number of men also brought their families with them and they settled at the main camps, or lived alone. One of these families was the Duncan family who played an important role in the origin and development of Burleigh Heads. William Duncan was a local timber feller who was often away from his family for long periods of time due to his nomadic work around the Gold Coast region. During one of the periods that he was away, William’s wife Rose buried their twelve month old daughter, Sarah with the assistance of two local aboriginal women. The grave remains today near the present day Park Avenue, outside the Gold Coast City Council offices.
Figure 3 Survey Plan of Burleigh Heads 1871 (Pratten 1871)
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In 1869, land on the southern side of Tallebudgera Creek was opened for free selection, and two years later the settlement at Burleigh Heads was officially declared a town reserve. Surveyor George L. Pratten was commissioned to prepare a survey plan of the area for public auction, which is shown in Figure 3. The plan shows allotments either side of Tweed Streets and fronting the foreshore along Goodwin Terrace. James Street had not been established by this time, however the alignment of remaining streets on the plan have been maintained to the present day. The survey plan also indicates the National Park area is marked as being a Reserve for Public Purposes, while the area west of George Street is marked as an area of future expansion. In 1871, traveling photographer, William Boag also visited the area and took the first known photographs of Burleigh Heads. One of these photographs is shown in Figure 4 which shows remnants of a timber-getters raft washed up on the shore.
Figure 4 Burleigh Heads c1871 (Byrne 1994)
In 1873, 65 of Pratten’s surveyed allotments were put to auction at the Land Office at Beenleigh, and further auction sales of the “Town of Burleigh” in 1877 and 1878. Although many of these allotments sold, Burleigh Heads remained relatively untouched for a few more years, and it was around this time of early permanent settlement that the name “Burly” was corrupted to “Burleigh Heads.”
Protecting and conserving the environment, valuing and appreciating the environment and landscape and managing flora and fauna have been a key part of the development of Burleigh Heads, and demonstrated by the numerous green spaces and memorial parks throughout the area. At a Nerang Divisional Board meeting in 1885, it was decided to allocate a portion of land fronting Goodwin Terrace as a permanent reserve, and this site became known as Rudd Park, named after W.G.H. Rudd, Nerang Shire Chairman. In 1934, Rudd Park became the ground of the newly formed Burleigh Bears Football Club, and in recent years has been partially occupied by the Burleigh Beach Tourist Park.
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Burleigh Headland was also officially set aside as a Reserve for Public Purposes in 1886, and was gazetted a National Park in 1947. The first park ranger, Alf Wintal, had a hut in the approximate location of the current weather station and was also thought to have an established nursery atop the headland (pers comm John Kennedy). He was also responsible for formalising the walking tracks around the headland and up to the summit, and evidence of the 1930s and 1940s retaining walls survive today.
The Bora Ring along the Gold Coast highway was gazetted a reserve by J.G Appell in 1913 and in 1947 the continued importance of the reserve to the community was recognized with its gazettal as a national park. The reserve survived a subdivision proposal in 1916 and attempts to convert it to a banana plantation in 1929 and 1941.
In 1934, local shopkeepers, the Justins brothers purchased 100 Norfolk Island pines from the State Nursery in Sydney and planted these along the Esplanade at Burleigh. A few weeks later over half of these trees were destroyed, and a statement made at the Progress Associations’ meeting suggested that vandals were responsible: “It was a dastardly act and befitting of a maniac… Such a dastardly act savours personal spleen and the action of an individual of low intellect similar to that employed in the attempted destruction by fire of the local surf shed” (Longhurst 1991:70). The Shire Council was in fact responsible for their removal, and following public outcry over the act, the line of trees was replanted and remain as a landmark feature of Burleigh Heads today.
In 1941, sand mining commenced on eight acres of the foreshore area at North Burleigh after a successful application by the Minerals Deposit Syndicate. This was initially supported by the local Burleigh residents as it provided work during the years of World War II when tourism was at a low. However, the ecological impacts were soon recognised and Burleigh Heads residents voiced their concerns. Sand mining ceased in the early 1950s, and the foreshore was replanted with trees and grasses which subsequently became parkland along the esplanade.
3.2.3 Developing Secondary and Tertiary Industries
In 1881, the establishment of Meyers Ferry across the Nerang River at Southport made Burleigh Heads more accessible. Early pioneer, Frederick Fowler, who had married local resident Elizabeth Bozier in 1868, saw the need for an accommodation house to provide lodgings for visitors to the area. This ten bedroom prefabricated dwelling was in use early in 1883 and was situated on the site of the present day townhouse complex on Tweed Street. In the same year, North Burleigh was surveyed by Joshua Jeays, with a number of allotments being sold in 1884.
Fowler’s accommodation house continued to be a popular place for visitors to Burleigh Heads, and became known as the “Burleigh Heads Hotel.” In 1886
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the building was leased to Mr. W. Waters, but was destroyed by fire a year later. Construction soon began on a larger and grander hotel in the same location along Tweed Street and comprised thirteen bedrooms, three sitting rooms and a large dining room. The new Burleigh Heads Hotel was the first substantial building to be constructed at Burleigh Heads, and is shown in Figure 5.
Figure 5 Painting by E Bode c1904 of the New Burleigh Heads Hotel (Picture Gold Coast LS-LSP-CD040-IMG0063)
The “Burleigh Heads Store” opened in 1888 on the allotment adjacent to the Hotel, and may have been the addition evident on the right hand side of the structure. The sign beside above the door on the left hand side lower verandah which reads “Post Office,” also indicates that the Hotel was the location of the Burleigh Heads postal receiving office which opened in August 1888. The Burleigh Heads Hotel was demolished in 1904 shortly after the death of Frederick Fowler.
The Gold Coast Hotel was constructed in 1957 in close proximity to the Burleigh Heads Hotel and Store, but was demolished in recent years for the construction of the Swell Apartment complex. The Burleigh Heads Hotel established c1965 along the Esplanade has also recently been refurbished with a new highrise apartment block being constructed adjacent to the site, and remains the only hotel in Burleigh Heads today.
Burleigh Heads was also a popular camping destination for weekends and holidays. The lowering of camping fees in 1917 encouraged people to come to Burleigh, and by 1930, 14,000 people were camping along the foreshore over the Christmas holidays. By 1936 this number had risen to 20,000 people, and over the Christmas holidays Burleigh Heads was a mass of tents which extended along the foreshore to North Burleigh. Figure 6 shows the popularity of camping at Burleigh Heads during the 1930s. In 1959 campers were no
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longer allowed along the foreshore area due to a new Council ruling, and the Paradise Caravan Park opened in 1960.
Figure 6 Camping along foreshore c1930s (PGC LS-LSP-CD305-IMG0011)
Holiday unit complexes, such as White Horses along the Esplanade, began being constructed in the area between the highway and the beach in the 1950s and the first medium rises at Burleigh Heads were subsequently constructed along Goodwin Terrace in the 1960s. Increased tourism also saw the establishment of two and three storey brick holiday lodges and flats and motels along the Gold Coast Highway strip.
Retailing also flourished due to the increasing number of tourists coming to Burleigh Heads for weekends and holidays. The first permanent store at Burleigh opened in 1915, while the Justins’ Store on the corner of Connor Street and the Gold Coast highway opened in 1919 and operated for 35 years. The commercial centre in James and Connor Streets was well established by the 1930s, and continued to be developed during the postwar boom period. Penneys chain store opened in Connor Street in 1955 (See Figure 7), later becoming Coles. While the building has been altered due to numerous tenancy fitouts, it retains its original form and function today and makes a contribution to the streetscape of Connor Street. The retail area of Burleigh Heads has changed very little over the past few decades and primarily remains low scale one and two storey shops with narrow frontages and minimal setbacks with service areas to the rear.
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Figure 7 Advertisement for Penneys Store Along Connor Street in 1955 (Longhurst 1991:85)
3.2.4 Moving goods, people and information
Early travellers to Burleigh Heads were transported by coach, crossing the rivers by ferry and travelling along the beach at low tide. The opening of the railway line from Brisbane to Southport in 1889 increased the accessibility of the area from Brisbane as coach companies could collect travellers from Southport and travel via Burleigh Heads all the way to the Tweed. The financial depression of the 1890s and 1893 flood had a negative effect on trade in the area with closure of the local sawmill. However coach traffic through Burleigh continued to thrive, with two lines providing daily service
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between Southport and Tweed Heads. During this time options for extending the railway line through to the Tweed and via West Burleigh were being considered.
Construction of an extension of the railway line to Tweed Heads commenced in 1901 and a railway station was subsequently constructed at Booningba at West Burleigh (See Figure 8), approximately half an hour’s buggy ride from Burleigh Heads. The first motor garage was established at Burleigh Heads in 1924 as a result of the increasing use of the area by car, and road access to Burleigh Heads became a key factor in facilitation growth of the area.
Figure 8 Station at West Burleigh (PGC LS-LSP-CD072-IMG0011)
3.2.5 Building settlements, towns and cities
Early settlement was established along Tweed Street and spread towards the foreshore and around the base of Burleigh Headland. With the increased accessibility to the area in the 1920s, residential development increased around the headland and Burleigh Ridge, and these dwellings generally comprised timber structures with corrugated iron roofs on timber stumps. By 1925, the Brisbane Courier reported 300 residences at Burleigh Heads by this time (Longhurst 1991: 53). The establishment of the commercial centre in James and Connor Streets occurred by the 1930s to serve the increasing permanent and tourist populations. Beach houses became prominent in the post war years and common attributes of these were timber and fibro construction with flat or low pitch roofs, verandahs, french doors and terraces all to take advantage of views and breezes.
At North Burleigh, housing estates were established as early as the 1920s, while at Koala Park, the area was reclaimed in the early 1960s and development occurred subsequent to this.
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3.2.6 Social and Cultural Institutions
The increasing population at Burleigh Heads, particularly during holiday seasons also resulted in the establishment of a number of social and cultural institutions including churches, theatres and sporting clubs.
The Church of the Infant Saviour was the first Catholic Church established at Burleigh Heads. It was constructed on the corner of Park Avenue and Connor Street in 1933 to the design of Brisbane architect JP Donohue, but relocated to Tamborine Mountain in 1999 following applications for an apartment complex on the site. Other churches established in the area include St Johns Anglican Church in Park Avenue and the First Church of Christ Scientist on West Street, both of which remain today.
In 1925 approval was given to clear an area on the headland for a refreshment shed for the sale of teas and soft drinks. Ten shillings annual rental was levied in 1929, and had a favourable description in the local South Coast Bulletin on 25 May 1929: "Though the ascent is steep, it fully repays lovers of seascape and natural beauty to undertake the climb. The proprietor (Mr Rose) has with artistic taste, made ample provision for refreshments and also laid a dance floor with ideal natural surroundings. At a nominal charge a huge telescope enables the visitor to have a close up view of Point Danger, Coolangatta, Tweed and the many bold headlands towards Murwillumbah" (Longhurst 1991:59). (see Fig. 9)
Figure 9 Refreshment Shed and Dance Floor atop Burleigh Headland 1929 (PGC LS-LSP-CD082-IMG0050)
In 1930 the Deluxe Theatre was opened by William Fradgley on Goodwin Terrace. A Western Electric sound plant was installed in 1931 to play motion pictures. The theatre changed ownership in 1947 and again in 1969, with substantial alterations undertaken in 1980 that saw the removal of the interior and conversion of the theatre to retail space. The Deluxe Theatre is today known as the Old Burleigh Theatre Arcade, and is recognised as a landmark feature of Burleigh Heads.
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The first Surf Lifesaving Club was informally formed at Burleigh Heads in 1921, and Brisbane based Mowbray Park Surf Life Saving Club began patrolling Burleigh in the early 1930s. North Burleigh began patrolling the area in 1950, and the clubhouse was established along the foreshore at North Burleigh at this time. The Burleigh Heads Mowbray Park Surf Lifesaving Club was officially formed in 1935 following many meetings, fights and protests between the two clubs. The clubhouse has remained in its original position but has undergone numerous renovations throughout its history. Both surf clubs stand as a landmark buildings at Burleigh Heads today, and valued by the local community.
The Burleigh Heads Bowls Club was built on swampland which was reclaimed in 1933. The Bowls Club was officially opened in 1937, and has had continued use through to the present day. It is a recognised landmark along the Gold Coast Highway, and is a rare surviving coastal bowls club.
In 1947, an outdoor skating rink was constructed on a leased site along the Burleigh Heads foreshore, but this was destroyed by a cyclone in 1954 and the lease was unable to be renewed. Gold Coast personality, Jack Evans, built the first swimming pool at Burleigh in 1953 adjacent to the outdoor skating rink on the foreshore area (see Fig. 10). The pool provided a safe swimming area for locals and holidaymakers and survived a serious of cyclones. It was replaced in 1987-88 by a new swimming centre within “The Beach House” complex, which also contains beachfront restaurants.
Figure 10 Goodwin Terrace in 1977 showing Jack Evans Pool in foreground (PGC LS-LSP-CD179-IMG0004)
Surfing also came to Burleigh Heads in the 1960s, and the point break is renowned as being one of the best in Australia, and perhaps the world. The surf culture is reflected in the built heritage of the area, particularly in the 1960s beach housing found throughout Burleigh Heads today.
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3.2.7 Educating Queenslanders
Children were temporarily taught at the St Johns Church Hall prior to the construction of a purpose built school at Burleigh Heads. In March 1935, the South Coast Bulletin reported on the progress of the new school:
“Under the supervision of District Foreman (Mr J Mapp) and deputy foreman Mr Angus Nicholl), rapid progress is being made in the erection of the new State School at Burleigh Heads. The plan of the new building shows that care has been taken to allow ample space and ventilation in the classrooms, teachers’ quarters, hat rooms and with two 8ft x 7ft verandahs on the northern side plus an overhang of 3ft 6 ins in the eaves and four casement windows to each classroom, 18 ft by 21ft 10 ins. The building, when completed, will be up to date in every respect to facilitate the work of the teaching staff, the rooms have been arranged in a row on the eastern side of the building and with folding doors from No.1- No.2 and casement doors to the third room, while the wide doorway lead out of the verandahs, above mentioned. The cost of erecting the new school is £1340 including fencing which will be sawn timber and K-wire” (Burleigh Heads State School 1992).
The school at Burleigh Heads officially opened on 30 August 1935 and was a single storey timber building on timber stumps. In 1951, part of this original building was removed and included in the new B wing while the remnant building was relocated west of the building and used as a library. In 1968 the building was relocated once again to its current position for use as a speech therapy room.
3.3 CHRONOLOGY
Table 3 Timeline of Events
1850 Timber getters erected temporary dwellings in Burleigh area 1871 Earliest known photograph of Burleigh taken by travelling photographer William
Boag 1890 Tourists taken on the beach in horse & buggies 1887 First Burleigh Heads Hotel burnt down 1903 Opening of railway line to Burleigh. 1904 Demolition of second Burleigh Heads Hotel 1906 Burleigh residents complaining of campers. 1911 First important estate subdivision sales by Isles Love.
First bathing pavilion documented. 1913 Bluff Hotel constructed on what is now the the site of the Gold Coast Hotel.
Bora Ring Reserve gazetted by Appell. 1914 New post office constructed. 1915 Site of 'Slugger' Pearce's Golden Bell store, the first permanent store at Burleigh.
Government land auction of 56 allotments. Burleigh Heads Township Estate 36 blocks auctioned by Isles Love. Tenders called for construction of public bathing boxes.
1916 Plans made to subdivide Big Burleigh and given to care of Nerang Shire Council. 1917 Camping fees lowered in order to attract people to Burleigh. 1918 First surf life saving patrols in operation on beach 1919 Justins Store opened corner Connor St and Gold Coast Highway
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60 ocean view sites put to auction.
1921 First surf lifesaving club established Burleigh Heads Progress Association formed.
1924 First motor garage established. Estate developments at North Burleigh.
1925 Courier Mail reported 300 residences at Burleigh. Miami Hotel at North Burleigh and the Burleigh Heads Hotel on the esplanade opened. Area on top of Big Burleigh cleared for a lookout, refreshment room and dance floor.
1926 16 October Burleigh Heads Bridge officially opened. Whale washed up on beach Christmas 1926. Kiosk erected at base of Big Burleigh beside new bridge.
1930 Deluxe Theatre opened and Magero's Pacific Cafe and Milk Bar was beside. 14000 people camped along foreshore at Christmas.
1932 Little Burleigh known as Miami by this time. 1933 Land on present day bowling club is a swamp and resumed. 1934 100 Norfolk Island Pines donated and planted along foreshore by Justins family,
many being removed by Council a few weeks later. Council withdrew Mowbray Park surf lifesaving club permit to patrol beach and new Burleigh club formed but refused affiliation by State association. Reticulated water supply and reservoir constructed.
1935 New Burleigh Heads-Mowbray Park SLC formed after many meetings, protests and fights. Beach rock wall constructed. New school building constructed and opened on present site.
1936 20 000 people camped along foreshore during holiday season. New surf club building constructed at Burleigh Heads. Full bitumen road completed from Brisbane to Burleigh.
1937 Bowls Club officially opened 18 September. Bathing pavilions removed from beach.
1940 A portion of Reserve 42 was allocated as a soldiers' memorial park in August 1940 adjacent to bowls club.
1941 Mining began on 8 acres of foreshore area by Mineral Deposits Syndicate. 1947 Burleigh parkland gazetted national park.
Construction of Miami Ice using two former military huts. 1949 The South Coast Women's Organisation formed and hall erected adjacent to bowls
club in memorial park. 1950 North Burleigh SLSC commenced patrolling. 1953 Jack Evans swimming pool built along Burleigh foreshore. 1954 Justins store ceased operation.
Construction of Burleigh Heads RSL store. Ald Pegg bequeathed House in Peggs Road to Forestry.
1955 Penneys store opened in Connor Street. 1959 Campers no longer allowed on foreshore area. 1960s Reservoir constructed. 1960 Paradise Caravan Park opened. 1964 Orana units constructed on Hill Avenue on Burleigh Ridge. 1965 First medium rise units constructed along Goodwin Terrace – Hillhaven Units. 1968 Construction of the Burleigh Beach Tourist Park Caretaker’s Residence. 1975 Lions club planted arc of cycad palms in 1975. 1980 Demolition of the middle section of the Deluxe Theatre (Old Burleigh Arcade). 1987 Jack Evans Swimming Pool replaced. 1999 Relocation of Infant Saviour Church and removal from Queensland Heritage
Register. 2002 Demolition of the Gold Coast Hotel at Burleigh Heads.
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4 HERITAGE AND CHARACTER SURVEY
This section looks at each of the precincts, defines their boundaries, identifies the themes, lists potential State heritage places, local heritage and character places, and identifies important views and vistas within each precinct.
4.1 PRECINCT 1 – FORESHORE, BEACHES AND HEADLANDS
4.1.1 Description
Figure 11 Boundary of Precinct 1
Precinct 1 incorporates the natural heritage features along the coastline including the headlands, beaches and foreshore area as demonstrated in Figure 11.
4.1.2 Historical Themes
The heritage of this area reflects the following themes derived from the Queensland Thematic Framework:
2.6 Managing flora and fauna;
2.8 Protecting and conserving the environment; and
2.9 Valuing and appreciating the environment and landscapes.
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4.1.3 Potential State Heritage Places
Burleigh Headland (See Figure 12), north of Tallebudgera Creek and east of Gold Coast Highway is an important natural heritage item, and is also potentially of State significance for its historical and aesthetic qualities. It is a landmark natural heritage feature also valued by the Indigenous community for social, cultural and spiritual reasons, and contains evidence of the original rock walls constructed by Burleigh’s first Ranger, Alf Wintal in the 1930s and 40s.
Figure 12 Burleigh Headland and Rock Wall (ERM 2007)
The row of Norfolk Pines along the Burleigh Heads foreshore is also potentially of State significance due to the historical and aesthetic significance. These trees were originally planted by Burleigh local the Justins Brothers in 1934, and have been a landmark feature of Burleigh Heads for a number of years. This row of trees is prominent from numerous vantage points around Burleigh Heads and the Gold Coast, and may be the earliest example on the Gold Coast.
Figure 13 Norfolk Island Pines (ERM 2007)
4.1.4 Local Heritage Places
Twelve places of local heritage significance were identified within Precinct 1 as outlined below. Further details are included in the Burleigh Heads Heritage Places Inventory which is found at Annex A.
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Table 4 Precinct 1 Local Heritage Places
Place Heritage Values Theme South Nobby Headland Aesthetic 2. Exploiting, utilising and
transforming the land Mick Schamburg Park, eastern end Kelly Ave.
Aesthetic, Social 2. Exploiting, utilising and transforming the land
Ed Hardy Park, Northern end of Esplanade.
Aesthetic, Social 2. Exploiting, utilising and transforming the land
North Burleigh Surf Lifesaving Club, 293 Esplanade
Historical, Aesthetic, Social
6. Building settlements, towns, cities and dwellings, 8. Creating social and cultural institutions
Elite Motel, Cnr Gold Coast Highway and Fourth Avenue.
Historical, architectural, rarity
3. Developing secondary and tertiary institutions
Rotary Park, Between Second and Fourth Avenues
Aesthetic, Social 2. Exploiting, utilising and transforming the land
Stone Shelter, Burleigh Heads Foreshore.
Aesthetic, Social 8. Creating social and cultural institutions
Justins Park, Burleigh Heads Foreshore.
Historical, Aesthetic, Social
2. Exploiting, utilising and transforming the land
Alby Adams Park, Southern end of Esplanade.
Aesthetic, Social 2. Exploiting, utilising and transforming the land
Rotary Totem Pole, Alby Adams Park.
Aesthetic 8. Creating social and cultural institutions
The Beach House Complex, 43 Goodwin Terrace.
Aesthetic, Rarity 8. Creating social and cultural institutions
John Laws Park, Foreshore along Goodwin Terrace.
Aesthetic, Social 2. Exploiting, utilising and transforming the land
NPWS Information Centre, Gold Coast Highway before Tallebudgera Creek.
Aesthetic 2. Exploiting, utilising and transforming the land
4.1.5 Character Places
The character of this area is demonstrated by the natural heritage places along the foreshore and around the headlands.
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4.2 PRECINCT 2 – KELLY AVENUE TO GOLD COAST HIGHWAY
4.2.1 Description
Figure 14 Boundary of Precinct 2
Precinct 2 comprises the northern area bound by Kelly Avenue, the Esplanade and the Gold Coast Highway as shown in Figure 15. Precinct 2 is predominantly a holiday area with 1960s and 1970s flats and units. New medium and high rise development is occurring towards First Avenue while the northern end retains many of the earlier 1970s brick holiday units and lodges.
4.2.2 Historical Themes
The heritage of this area reflects the following themes derived from the Queensland Thematic Framework:
3.12 Catering for tourists; and
6.1 Establishing settlements.
4.2.3 Potential State Heritage Places
Miami Ice, on the corner of corner Kratzman Avenue and the Gold Coast Highway was constructed in 1947 by Eastern Ice Pty Ltd. Constructed of two
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former military huts relocated from the World War II military camp at Nobby Beach, the building has since gained landmark status in its prominent position along the Gold Coast Highway (see Figure 16) and retains much of the original ice making machinery. It is a rare and intact building purpose built for the construction of ice and is representative of its type.
Figure 15 Miami Ice (ERM 2007)
4.2.4 Local Heritage Places
Five places of local heritage significance were identified within Precinct 2 as outlined below. Further details are included in the Burleigh Heads Heritage Places Inventory which is found at Annex A.
Table 5 Precinct 2 Local Heritage Places
Place Heritage Values Theme Burleigh Heads RSL Hall, 8 Sixth Avenue, Burleigh Heads
Historical, Aesthetic, Architectural, Social
8. Creating social and cultural institutions
White Horses Holiday Apartments, 50-60 The Esplanade
Historical, Architectural, Rarity 3. Developing secondary and tertiary industries
Burleigh Heads Freemasons’ Centre, 6 First Avenue
Historical, Architectural, Social
8. Creating social and cultural industries
Dolphin Lodge, 4 First Avenue
Historical, Architectural, Rarity 3. Developing secondary and tertiary institutions
Bamboo Court, 16 The Esplanade
Historical, Architectural 3. Developing secondary and tertiary institutions
4.2.5 Character Places
Precinct 2 is predominantly a holiday area with 1960s and 1970s flats and units characterised by being two or three storeys in height with flat roofs. New development is occurring towards First Avenue while the northern end retains many of the 1960s and 1970s brick complexes. Character places in Precinct 2 include the following:
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Table 6 Character Places Within Precinct 2
Name Description Photograph
Silver Lining, 286 Esplanade Grouping of three 1960s/70s holiday units
Blue Monaro, 250 Esplanade 1960s/70s brick holiday units
Shops, 1969 Gold Coast Highway
1950s shops
Waringa Holiday Units, 182-184 Esplanade
1960s/70s brick holiday units
Halcyon, 162 Esplanade Early 1970s brick holiday
units
Teenamara, 158 Esplanade Early 1970s brick holiday
units
Time Tide Holiday Units, 126 Esplanade
Mid 1960s brick holiday units
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Name Description Photograph
Tallahassee/Sun Seeker, 70-72 Esplanade
1960s/1970s brick flats
Pacific Lodge, 68 The Esplanade
Mid 1960s brick lodge
Bon Sol and Bay of Burleigh, 42-44 The Esplanade
1960s and 70s brick holiday units
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4.3 PRECINCT 3 – COMMERCIAL CENTRE
4.3.1 Description
Figure 16 Boundary of Precinct 3
Precinct 3 comprises the area from the Gold Coast Highway back to Stanley Street and including the Burleigh Heads State School shown in Figure 18.
4.3.2 Historical Themes
This predominantly commercial area reflects a number of themes identified in the Queensland Thematic Framework:
3.8 Marketing, retailing and service industries
3.12 Catering for tourists
6.1 Establishing settlements
6.3 Developing urban services and amenities
6.4 Dwellings
8.1 Worshipping and religious institutions
4.3.3 Potential State Heritage Places
There were no potentially State significant places identified in this precinct.
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4.3.4 Local Heritage Places
Twelve places of local heritage significance were identified within Precinct 3 as outlined below. Further details are included in the Burleigh Heads Heritage Places Inventory which is found at Annex A.
Table 7 Precinct 3 Local Heritage Places
Place Heritage Values Theme Burleigh Heads State School, 1750 Gold Coast Highway
Historical, Social 9. Educating Queenslanders
Clarrie Francis Park, Cnr West St and West Burleigh Road
Aesthetic, Social 2. Exploiting, utilising and transforming the land
Shops 1726 Gold Coast Highway, 1726 Gold Coast Highway
Historical, Aesthetic 3. Developing secondary and tertiary institutions
Former Penneys Store, 13-15 Connor Street
Historical 3. Developing secondary and tertiary institutions
First Church of Christ, Scientist, 6-8 West Burleigh Road
Historical, Architectural, Social
8. Creating social and cultural institutions
Former Duncan House, 15 Park Avenue
Historical, Social 6. Building settlements, towns, cities and dwellings
Gordon and Jean Duncan Carpark, 7 Park Avenue
Social 6. Building settlements, towns, cities and dwellings
St Johns Anglican Church, 18 West Street
Historical, Architectural, Social
8. Creating social and cultural institutions
Alex Black Carpark, Ocean Street
Social 8. Creating social and cultural institutions
Grave of Sarah Duncan, Cnr Connor St and Park Ave
Historical, Social 8. Creating social and cultural institutions
Burleigh Heads Bowls Club, 1666 Gold Coast Highway
Historical, Aesthetic, Rarity 8. Creating social and cultural institutions
Memorial Park, 1688 Gold Coast Highway
Historical, Aesthetic, Social 8. Creating social and cultural institutions
4.3.5 Character Places
The character of this area comprises low scale, typically two storey tenancies with narrow frontages and minimal setbacks from the street. The area also contains a number of churches.
Character places within Precinct 3 include the following:
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Table 8 Character Places Within Precinct 3
Name Description Photograph Salon Hairbience, 3 Stanley Street
Purple fibro dwelling late 1950s/early 1960s
Shops, Gold Coast Highway Low density commercial
streetscape
James Street Shopfronts Low density shopfronts
Fibro beach house, 12 West Street
1960s fibro house
212 Park Avenue 1960s brick flats
Connor Street Streetscape Low density commercial
streetscape
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4.4 PRECINCT 4 – BURLEIGH RIDGE RESIDENTIAL AREA
4.4.1 Description
Figure 17 Boundary of Precinct 4
Precinct 4 comprises the residential area of Burleigh Ridge overlooking the commercial centre. The precinct is bound by George Street West/George Street Central, West Burleigh Road and the Gold Coast Highway. The eastern area of this precinct is the former site of the original Burleigh Heads Hotel and a number of other early structures which have since been replaced with more modern dwellings. The area of Brake and Ewart Streets contain the earliest places of built heritage in this precinct, with some 1930s houses extant. The western area has more 1960s and 70s places, while recent development is located throughout the entire area.
Single dwellings are generally two or three storeys in height with large balconies facing east with views to Burleigh Headland and up to Surfers Paradise. The area also contains a number of multi unit dwellings dating back to the 1960s.
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4.4.2 Historical Themes
The heritage of this area reflects the following themes derived from the Queensland Thematic Framework:
3.12 Catering for tourists
6.1 Establishing settlements
6.4 Dwellings
4.4.3 Potential State Heritage Places
There were no places of potential State significance identified in this precinct.
4.4.4 Local Heritage Places
Places of local heritage significance were identified within Precinct 4 as outlined below. Further details are included in the Burleigh Heads Heritage Places Inventory which is found at Annex A.
Table 9 Local Heritage Places Precinct 4
Place Heritage Value Theme House, 24 Hill Avenue Historical, Architectural 6. Building settlements,
towns, cities and dwellings Orana, 6 Hill Avenue Historical, Architectural, Rarity 3. Developing secondary and
tertiary institutions House, 6 Mount Street Historical 6. Building settlements,
towns, cities and dwellings House, 30 Ewart Street Historical, Rarity 6. Building settlements,
towns, cities and dwellings West Grave, Adjacent to Gold Coast Highway and Walking Track
Historical, Social 8. Creating social and cultural institutions
4.4.5 Character Places
Precinct 4 comprises two storey 1930s timber dwellings and two and three storey 1960s and 70s brick and fibro beach houses which contribute to the unique character of Burleigh Heads. Common characteristics are one or more verandahs, a number of windows, and positioning of the structure towards the ocean to take advantage of the views.
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Table 10 Character Places Within Precinct 4
Name Description Photograph House, 14 Upper East Street 1960s/1970s fibro beach
house
House, 70 Hill Avenue 1960s beach house
House, 20 West Burleigh Road
1960s timber beach house
House, 3 Era Avenue Post-war fibro cottage
House, 32 West Burleigh Road
1960s timber and fibro cottage
House, 48 West Burleigh Road
1950s fibro beach house
House, 14 Hill Avenue 1960s fibro beach house
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Name Description Photograph “Leighton,” 50 Ewart Street c1930s timber dwelling
Houses, 17, 19, 23 Brake Street
c1920s-30s timber dwellings
Houses 1602-1612 Gold Coast Highway
1960s and 70s timber and fibro beach houses
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4.5 PRECINCT 5 – BURLEIGH HEADLAND HOLIDAY AND RESIDENTIAL AREA
4.5.1 Description
Precinct 5 comprises the area surrounding Burleigh Headland bound by the Gold Coast Highway, and also including a small portion of the Koala Park residential estate north of Tallebudgera Creek, and west of the Gold Coast Highway.
The area around Burleigh Headland was settled early in the development of the area, while the development of Koala Park did not commence until the mid 1960s, and continued throughout the following decade. A number of early houses are still extant along Hayle and Rudd Streets at the base of the headland, and while these have been altered, many still contain original fabric.
Figure 18 Boundary of Precinct 5
4.5.2 Historical Themes
The heritage of this area reflects the following themes derived from the Queensland Thematic Framework:
3.12 Catering for tourists
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6.1 Establishing settlements
6.4 Dwellings
4.5.3 Potential State Heritage Places
The Caretaker’s Residence of the Burleigh Beach Tourist Park was designed by prominent Gold Coast Architect, Malcolm Cummings and constructed in 1968. It is representative of experimental architecture of the 1960s on the Gold Coast, and demonstrates historical, aesthetic, architectural and social significance. The unique caravan-like design of the structure has an evocative quality resulting in it being a landmark building known to holidaymakers from across the State.
Figure 19 Caretakers Residence, Burleigh Beach Tourist Park (ERM 2007)
4.5.4 Local Heritage Places
Further details are included in the Burleigh Heads Heritage Places Inventory which is found at Annex A.
Table 11 Precinct 5 Local Heritage Places
Place Heritage Values Theme Old Burleigh Theatre, 60 Goodwin Terrace
Historical, aesthetic 8. Creating social and cultural institutions
Rudd Park, 28 Goodwin Terrace
Historical, Aesthetic, Social 2. Exploiting, utilising and transforming the land
Caretaker’s Residence, Burleigh Beach Tourist Park
Historical, Architectural, Aesthetic, Social
3. Developing secondary and tertiary institutions
Hillhaven, 2 Goodwin Terrace Historical, Architectural, Aesthetic, Technological
3. Developing secondary and tertiary institutions
House, 10 Goodwin Terrace, 10 Goodwin Terrace
Historical, architectural 6. Building settlements, towns, cities and dwellings
House, 17 Nathan Street, 17 Nathan Street
Historical, Rarity 6. Building settlements, towns, cities and dwellings
Treetops, 1 Nathan Street Historical 6. Building settlements, towns, cities and dwellings
Former Pettit House, 3 Hayle Street
Historical, Architectural, Social
6. Building settlements, towns, cities and dwellings
Thomas Pettit Park, George Street East and Hayle Streets
Aesthetic, social 2. Exploiting, utilising and transforming the land
Burleigh Heads Christian Historical, Social 8. Creating social and cultural
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Place Heritage Values Theme Youth Centre, 26-28 Rudd Street
institutions
Former Pegg House, 6 Peggs Road
Historical, Social 6. Building settlements, towns, cities and dwellings
4.5.5 Character Places
The area immediately surrounding the headland contains a number of early 1960s medium rises, flats, units and beach houses associated with the development of tourism on the Gold Coast, while Koala Park is characterised by 1960s and 70s beach houses. The following character places were identified in Precinct 5:
Table 12 Character Places Within Precinct 5
Name Description Photograph Houses and units, 12-26 Goodwin Terrace
1960s medium rises and 1950s beach houses
House, 2 Nathan Street 1950s timber house
House, 14 Nathan Street 1950s timber and fibro
house
Sun-n-Surf Flats, 15 Nathan Street
1960s fibro flats
Houses 19 Hayle-12 Short Street
1950s and early 60s timber and fibro houses
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Name Description Photograph House, 6 George Street East
Timber Queenslander
House, 6 Rudd Street Late 1950s early 1960s
fibro beach house
Houses, 12-18 Rudd Street 1960s timber, brick and
fibro houses
La-Bell, 22 Cotton Street 1960s/1970s fibro beach
house
Houses, 24-42 George Street East
1930s Queenslanders -1950s and 60s post war houses and flats
Houses, 1765-1771 Gold Coast Highway
1950s and 60s fibro beach houses
Raymond and Nargoon Court, Beelyu Street
Late 1950s/early 1960s holiday lodges
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Name Description Photograph Houses, 20-22 Djerral Avenue
1960s beach houses
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5 CONSERVING HERITAGE AND CHARACTER
This section identifies the existing planning and heritage related controls within the study area and provides recommendations for the conservation of heritage and character places and design guidelines for consideration and inclusion in the Burleigh and Burleigh Ridge Local Area Plans (LAPs)
5.1 BACKGROUND
The site survey identified 49 places of local heritage significance and a number of character places. There are various mechanisms through which these places can be conserved
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5.2 EXISTING PLANNING CONTROLS OVER THE STUDY AREA
The study area incorporates two Local Area Plans (LAPs); the Burleigh LAP whose study area encompasses the commercial areas of Burleigh Heads, and the Burleigh Ridge LAP which covers the residential areas surrounding Burleigh Headland and Burleigh Ridge. There is no LAP in place for the area comprising North Burleigh Headland south to First Avenue. The study area also includes three places entered on the Gold Coast Local Heritage Register.
5.2.1 The Gold Coast Local Heritage Register
All development on a local heritage place is assessable against a local heritage code for IDAS, Schedule 2, Queensland Heritage Regulations 2003. The purpose of this code is to ensure that development on a local heritage place is compatible with its cultural heritage values. It does this by:
preventing the demolition or removal of local heritage places, unless there is no prudent and feasible alternative to such action;
maintaining or encouraging the appropriate use of local heritage places;
protecting the materials and setting of local heritage places; and
ensuring, as far as practicable, development on a local heritage place is compatible with the cultural heritage significance of the place.
Work regulated includes building work assessable against the Building Act 1975 (including demolition), reconfiguring a lot, and material change of use.
5.2.2 Burleigh Local Area Plan
The Burleigh Local Area Plan includes provisions for maximum building heights and residential densities. This LAP also includes a number of planning recommendations for the area comprising the commercial precinct including the following:
New development to address the street with minimum setbacks;
New developments over two storeys in height to be set back from the street: “Preservation of a village atmosphere is of paramount importance in this precinct. Accordingly, building heights will be restricted to two storeys for commercial development, with a further two storeys allowed, where these are used for residential purposes (Section 5.2, p4).”
Planning recommendations for the Tourist and Residential area include the following:
Residential or tourist accommodation above the second floor should be setback to preserve views to and from Burleigh Ridge.
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The Burleigh LAP also identifies the Old Burleigh Theatre on Goodwin Terrace and the churches along Park Avenue as contributing to the character of Burleigh Heads.
5.2.3 Burleigh Ridge Local Area Plan
The Burleigh Ridge LAP also includes planning provisions for maximum building heights and residential densities and includes the following recommendations:
Low to medium density with mix detached, attached and medium density detached dwellings and apartments with a low site coverage; and
Building heights of two storeys, some cases three, to ensure buildings compatible with surrounding landscape character and not detract from the dominance of the local topography.
No heritage or character places are identified in this study.
5.3 EXISTING PLANNING SCHEME MEASURES FOR HERITAGE CONSERVATION
There are currently two codes within the Gold Coast City Council Planning Scheme pertaining to heritage conservation. Part 7, Division 3, Chapter 6 of the Planning Scheme relates to Indigenous cultural heritage, while Part 7, Division 3, Chapter 5 concerns historic cultural heritage. There are currently no constraint codes for the protection of places of natural heritage.
5.3.1 Cultural Heritage (historic)
The cultural heritage (historic) constraint code is for code and impact assessable developments within or adjacent to identified heritage places. The requirements of the code state that development within a heritage registered place must have a conservation management plan in place which is compliant with the principles of the Burra Charter. The cultural heritage (historic) code also applies to places of local significance which are included in an LAP that has been adopted by GCCC.
The cultural heritage (historic) constraint code also provides for relaxations of other codes where the conservation of a heritage place is included in the outcomes.
In order for this constraint code to be effective in protecting places of local heritage value at Burleigh Heads, a heritage schedule of identified places needs to be added to the relevant LAPs and adopted by the GCCC.
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5.4 PROTECTION OF LOCAL HERITAGE PLACES
The following provisions should be included for the future protection of identified local heritage places, and used in accordance with the general provisions of the Cultural Heritage (historic) constraint code and IDAS heritage code..
General Recommendations
Recommendations for the protection of local heritage places within the study area include the following:
Consider inclusion of all identified local heritage places in the local heritage register maintained by GCCC;
Inclusion of a heritage schedule within the Burleigh and Burleigh Heads LAPs, and formal adoption by GCCC; and
Inclusion of a heritage schedule in the preparation of an LAP for the Miami/North Burleigh area;
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5.4.1 Development Within or Adjacent to a Heritage Place
General
Performance Criteria Acceptable Solutions
GENERAL – IDENTIFIED HERITAGE PLACES
P1 Heritage places are conserved A1.1 A1.2
All development on a heritage place, excluding regular maintenance and repair but including demolition and building work, is made assessable development. All development on a heritage place is sympathetic to and conserves the important values of that place.
NEW DEVELOPMENT - ADDITIONS
P1 Additions to buildings must be compatible and in character with the existing place. Additions must not replicate the existing building, but take into account design detailing, materials and features sympathetic to the heritage place.
A1.1 Use of materials similar to surrounding but not replicate.
A1.2 Roof profiles to be consistent with surrounding roof profiles and not be a dominant feature of the addition.
NEW DEVELOPMENT – ADJOINING PROPERTIES P1 Development on adjoining properties
must be compatible and in character with the heritage place
A1.1 New development does not obscure the appearance of heritage places or obscure views and vistas of the place.
A1.2 New development designed to reflect and complement form, bulk, height, scale, siting, orientation, roof profiles, materials and details of the heritage place.
5.5 PROTECTION AND ENHANCEMENT OF CHARACTER PLACES
The following policies should be implemented to protect the local character places:
Performance Criteria Acceptable Solutions
GENERAL
P1 Development designed and constructed to protect character values
A1.1 New development does not obscure the appearance of character places or obscure views and vistas of the place.
A1.2 New development designed to reflect and complement form, bulk, height, scale, siting, orientation, roof profiles, materials and details of the character building.
A1.3 Setback of new development compatible with surrounding setbacks.
A1.4 Design to reflect the relaxed atmosphere of the area, appreciation of the natural heritage values and open
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Performance Criteria Acceptable Solutions
GENERAL spaces.
P2 The building size, bulk and scale must be consistent with built form of the surrounding area
A2.1
New development of an appropriate height, scale and orientation, and have setbacks consistent with the surrounding streetscape.
P3 Building façade must incorporate architectural details prevalent in the area.
P3.1 Facades of buildings make use of natural light and take advantage of views through the use of verandahs and windows.
P4 Roofs must be consistent with adjoining heritage places and contribute to the streetscape in a sympathetic manner.
P4.1 New roofs are of the same profile and material as adjoining buildings, and not a dominant feature.
P5. To ensure the consistency of the built form and reinforce the natural topography of the area, ensuring heritage values are not diminished.
A5.1 New development adheres to identified maximum building heights, and responds to the existing site topography.
P6. Open space in the area must be maintained and enhanced to maintain the character of the area.
A6.1 New development incorporates communal areas of open space to keep with the character of the area.
Performance Criteria Acceptable Solutions
GENERAL – STREET ALIGNMENTS
P1. Historic alignment of streets must be maintained.
A1.1 New development maintains existing street patterns and does not alter their alignment.
Performance Criteria Acceptable Solutions
PRECINCT 1 – FORESHORE, BEACHES AND HEADLAND
P1 Retention of local character. A1.1 Placement of new development not obstructing views and vistas..
A1.2 New structures occurring along the foreshore such as picnic and shade shelters are of lightweight construction and not enclosed
P2 The row of Norfolk Pines along the foreshore and views to these trees must be maintained.
A2.1 Regular maintenance of trees undertaken, and replaced with identical species if and when required.
Performance Criteria Acceptable Solutions
PRECINCT 2 – THE ESPLANADE AREA
P1 Retention of local character. A1.1 New development along the Esplanade should be set back from the street, and be consistent with surrounding development.
Performance Criteria Acceptable Solutions
PRECINCT 3 – COMMERCIAL CENTRE
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Performance Criteria Acceptable Solutions
PRECINCT 3 – COMMERCIAL CENTRE
P1 Retention of local character A1 New development adheres to height and density restrictions and applies appropriate setbacks and a maximum two-storey street frontage
P2 Retention and enhancement of street furniture and landscaping along Connor Street
A2.1 New development incorporates communal use of footpath.
P3. Building massing of James and Connor Street areas to be consistent with surrounding development.
A3.1 New development maintains consistency in façade plane, façade height, façade rhythm, and awning rhythm.
P4 Development should maintain and enhance the built wall effects of the strip shopping centre along James, Connor Streets and the Gold Coast Highway strip of tenancies.
A4.1 New tenancies single or double storey, narrow frontages with minimal setbacks and flat roofs.
A4.2 New building materials are to be kept in keeping with the traditional nature of buildings in the commercial centre and reinforce the solid walls to openings pattern. Use of timber window and door joinery, and plain glass windows.
Performance Criteria Acceptable Solutions
PRECINCT 4 – BURLEIGH RIDGE RESIDENTIAL AREA
P1 Retention of local character. P1.1 New development incorporating setbacks and terracing.
P1.2 New development incorporating green space and not building to lot boundaries.
Performance Criteria Acceptable Solutions
PRECINCT 5 – BURLEIGH HEADLAND TOURIST AND RESIDENTIAL AREA
P1 Retention of local character. A2.1 Area along Goodwin Terrace kept as medium rise. Houses on headland no more than 3 storeys in height. New development to reflect surrounding character with verandahs, windows, and made of similar materials.
6 BIBLIOGRAPHY
Allom Lovell Marquis-Kyle, Henshall Hansen Associates, Context, HJM & Staddon Consulting 1997 Gold Coast Urban Heritage and Character Study, Gold Coast City Council, Gold Coast.
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Best, Ysola and Barlow, Alex 1997 Kombumerri - Saltwater People Heinemann Library, Gold Coast.
Blake Thom 2005 Queensland Cultural Heritage Places Context Study, November 2005.
Burchill, Geoff. 2005 Passion, Power and Prejudice: a remarkable untold account of a magic city in the making, Boolarong Press, Gold Coast.
Department of Natural Resources and Water
1956 Eight Mile Plains-Boyd Bridge, Run 4, Q5Y2-9&10, 21 April 1956.
1964 Broadwater to Coolangatta, Run 12, Q1585, 10 June 1964.
1967 Gold Coast Tweed Heads-Southport, Run 4, Q1806 3944-3945, 17 June 1967.
1975 Tweed-Urangan, Run 4, 6897-6898, 21 May 1975.
1988 Tweed Heads- Noosa, Run 4, QPC 4095 33&35, 8 June 1988.
1996 Tweed-Noosa, Run 4, QPC 5280 59&61, 23 May 1996.
Environmental Protection Agency 2006 Using the Criteria: a methodology, Cultural Heritage Branch Environmental Protection Agency.
Fisher, Rod and Crozier Brian 1994 The Queensland House: a roof over our heads, Queensland Museum, Brisbane.
Hanlon, William 1935 The Early Settlement of the Logan and Albert districts, Historical Society of Queensland Journal Vol2, no 5, pp 208-262.
Longhurst, Robert 1991 The Heart of Paradise, The History of Burleigh Heads, Gold Coast City Council.
Longhurst, Robert. 1994 Nerang Shire: A History, Albert Shire Council.
Longhurst, Robert 1995 Gold Coast Our Heritage in Focus, State Library of Queensland, South Brisbane.
Marquis Kyle, P and Walker, M. 2004 The Illustrated Burra Charter. Canberra, Australia ICOMOS.
O’Connor, Rory 1997 The Kombumerri Aboriginal People of the Gold Coast, National Library of Australia,
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Annex A
Heritage Place Inventory
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