by pprof. dr. m. h. h. awaad pprof. dr. m anal afify faculty of vet. medicine, cairo university

By

Prof. Dr. M. H. H. Awaad

Prof. Dr. Manal Afify

Faculty of Vet. Medicine, Cairo University

Biosecurity Term that includes measures taken to prevent infectious agents (viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoa & parasites), insects, rodents, and wild birds from infecting poultry flock.

Personnel Birds Miscellaneous

Humans (foot wear, contaminated hands, contaminated clothing with dust, feathers)

Neighbors (when a disease is in progress warn neighbors not to visit).

Work crew (Blood testing, beak trimming, vaccination, sexing, inseminating …etc).

Visitors (Careless visitors).

Recovered carriers (still retain the infectious organism).

Multiple ages (A serious disease potential).

Started Pullets (can introduce a disease onto a layer farm)

Mixed species of poultry (E.g. Histomoniases in chickens is mild but in turkeys cause disastrous losses).

Insects:(Disease transmitters, intermediate hosts,

mechanical carriers).

Feed: (may contain infectious agents e.g.

salmonellae).

Contaminated equipment and vehicles.

Rodents.

Household pets.

Wild birds.

Or using Functional Units If it is impossible to limit the entire farm to a single age of poultry-divided into separate quarantinable units or areas for different groups of birds (rearing area, production groups) with strict security procedures.

11 - -IsolationIsolation:: 11 - -IsolationIsolation::Distance between farms &

houses within the farm.

22 - -All in all out policyAll in all out policy:: 22 - -All in all out policyAll in all out policy::

Ventilation:Ventilation:• Improper ventilation leads to: Excess dust, Excessive draft, damp litter (parasites) and high ammonia level (growth inhibition, kerato-conjunctivitis, exacerbate respiratory infections).

Feeders and WaterersFeeders and Waterers::• Rodents should be kept out of feed.• Good feed storage, transportation, avoid mycotoxins and Salmonella.• Not be overfilled so that feed is spilled into litter (growth of molds).• Minimize spillage of water. • Good distribution system.

•Properties of cleaning water, pH (6.5<8.5 , nitrate <50 mg/ L , • hardness 100 – 300 ppm & Iron <0.2 mg/ L)

Floors and surfaces:Floors and surfaces:

Impervious material.

Feed and Water MedicationFeed and Water Medication::Feed medication is not the best method .

If bulk water tank it should be of plastic or lined with protective substance to be ready for cleaning and mixing medicaments .

EntrancesEntrances::Boots must be thoroughly cleaned before

the wearer steps into the pan of disinfectant solution.

3- Personnel control3- Personnel control3- Personnel control3- Personnel control

Grounds around BuildingsGrounds around Buildings::

Rodent controlRodent control.. A 20-m band of short-mowed grass or gravel discourage their migration. unused equipment are good hiding and breeding places for rodents.

IInsect controlnsect control..

Spraying the area around building with an insecticide.

Dead-Bird Disposal:Dead-Bird Disposal:Foci of infection (hygienically disposal, burning, burying).

.

Buildings and Runs:Buildings and Runs:Clean buildings:Clean buildings:Hygienic disposable of litter as it remains as a disease reservoir For varying lengths of time.

Washing and disinfecting:Washing and disinfecting:Wash and disinfect feeders, waterers, egg collecting equipment, walls, floors, roosts or cages, outside concrete and entries.

Buildings and Runs:Buildings and Runs:Clean buildings:Clean buildings:Hygienic disposable of litter as it remains as a disease reservoir For varying lengths of time.

Washing and disinfecting:Washing and disinfecting:Wash and disinfect feeders, waterers, egg collecting equipment, walls, floors, roosts or cages, outside concrete and entries.

* All portable equipment should be removed, soaked with water, then thoroughly washed and dried.

* High-pressure water hose is effective.

* Follow the manufacturers’ recommendations of disinfectants.

* Disinfectants applied to dirt-encrusted surfaces are ineffective and wasted

* All portable equipment should be removed, soaked with water, then thoroughly washed and dried.

* High-pressure water hose is effective.

* Follow the manufacturers’ recommendations of disinfectants.

* Disinfectants applied to dirt-encrusted surfaces are ineffective and wasted

1- Brooder temperature. Chilling, overheating, starvation, and dehydration are serious stress producers (350 C and gradually reduced).

2- Coccidiostates and other drugs. Floor-reared poultry receive coccidiostatic drugs from the 1st day to prevent coccidiosis.

3- Flock requirements. Maintaining feed, water, and environmental conditions at the optimum condition.

4- Immunization. Vaccination against certain diseases at the appropriate

time is good common sense and a means of preventing spread of virulent forms.

A- Breeders1-Diet, Health, Parental Immunity. * A breeder ration must contain a

higher level of many nutrients than does a laying ration.

Poor health breeder hens fail to supply vital embryo and/or chick.

* Maternal immunity protects chicks 2-4 weeks after hatch.

2- Preventing Interior Egg-borne Diseases. Various techniques are used for preventing disease agents from being transmitted from dam to offspring via the egg (Egg Suscp. Test in AE).

a- Immunization. Immunization of breeders during the growing period against several common diseases to prevent adverse effects of infections on egg production.b- Destruction of Agent Inside The Egg. Force antibiotics through the shell of incubating eggs to prevent transmission of pathogenic Mycoplasma spp.).c- Testing and Removal Of Carriers. (Serologic tests).d- Treatment Of Offspring.

2- Preventing Interior Egg-borne Diseases. Various techniques are used for preventing disease agents from being transmitted from dam to offspring via the egg (Egg Suscp. Test in AE).

a- Immunization. Immunization of breeders during the growing period against several common diseases to prevent adverse effects of infections on egg production.b- Destruction of Agent Inside The Egg. Force antibiotics through the shell of incubating eggs to prevent transmission of pathogenic Mycoplasma spp.).c- Testing and Removal Of Carriers. (Serologic tests).d- Treatment Of Offspring.

3- Preventing Of Eggshell-Borne Diseases.

(Procedures are used to overcome shell contamination that arises from intestinal contents and other environmental sources).

B- Hatching Egg Sanitation:A- Clean Hatching Eggs. (clean

eggs, dry-cleaned, Wire roll-out nests, sufficient nests, keeping litter dry).

B- Fumigation of Eggs. (shell surface disinfected in farm by fumigation or before eggs enter the hatchery building or at the entrance to the egg-processing area).

C- Washing and Liquid Sterilization. (Washing with warm detergent solution followed by shell sterilization with a chlorine compound, quaternary ammonia product, or other sanitizing agent).

D- Storage Facilities. (After fumigation or shell sterilization, hatching eggs are frequently stored in clean periodically disinfected cool room about10 C at the hatchery unit set).

C- Washing and Liquid Sterilization. (Washing with warm detergent solution followed by shell sterilization with a chlorine compound, quaternary ammonia product, or other sanitizing agent).

D- Storage Facilities. (After fumigation or shell sterilization, hatching eggs are frequently stored in clean periodically disinfected cool room about10 C at the hatchery unit set).

1- Design and Location:1- Design and Location:1. Away from sources of poultry pathogens (poultry farms, processing plants, necropsy laboratories, and feed mills).

2. One-way traffic flow from the egg entry to chick-loading area.

2- Importance of good 2- Importance of good Sanitation:Sanitation:

1.Trays thoroughly washed with hot water or steam followed with disinfectant spray, or fumigating with formaldehyde in the hatchery. 2. Fumigation during the hatch (at about 10% hatch).

2- Importance of good 2- Importance of good Sanitation:Sanitation:

1.Trays thoroughly washed with hot water or steam followed with disinfectant spray, or fumigating with formaldehyde in the hatchery. 2. Fumigation during the hatch (at about 10% hatch).

Observe the Normal: Watch feed and water consumption

and egg production, normal sounds and actions of the flock.

Look for Non-infectious Conditions. Management errors.

Quarantine the Flock. Set up a quarantine of pen, building,

farm unit area, or entire farm.Submit specimens or Call a Veterinarian.

DISINFECTANTSDISINFECTANTS DISINFECTANTSDISINFECTANTS

Properties of ideal disinfectant:

1- Low cost per unit of disinfecting value.

2- Ready solubility in hard water.

3- Relative safety for humans and animals.

4- Non-destructibility to utensils and fabrics.

5- Stability when exposed to air.

6- Absence of objectionable odor.

7- No residual toxicity.

8- Effectiveness for a large variety of infectious agents.

9- No deleterious accumulation of any portion of the disinfectant in meat or eggs.

Phenols (viridical & bactericidal Gm +ve) they are often combined with halogens (iodine and chlorine). Halogens are easily neutralized by organic matter and their efficacy is greatly shortened by sunlight. Both are effective in hard water.

Quaternary ammonium. These compounds are not suitable for disinfection of poultry premises because they are readily inactivated by organic matter and hard water.

Aldehydes: Formaldehydes and glutraldehydes Iodine compounds. Cholinrated compounds. Others.

• Cresolic acid. This material has good residual action and is very effective, even at low concentration, against most bacteria and viruses. It has a very strong odor.

• Phenolic acids. While many brands and price levels are available, only high-quality brands of phenolic acid disinfectants should be used. Less-effective phenolic acids are used in the inexpensive brands.

Thank You

Thank You