c hapter 13 p olitical p arties copyright © 2012 cengage learning
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CCHAPTERHAPTER 13 13PPOLITICALOLITICAL P PARTIESARTIES
CCHAPTERHAPTER 13 13PPOLITICALOLITICAL P PARTIESARTIESCopyright © 2012 Cengage Learning
CHAPTER 13: LEARNING CHAPTER 13: LEARNING OBJECTIVESOBJECTIVES
Explain how a party system developed in the United States despite the Founders’ attempt to create a political system without parties
Trace the historical development of the modern Democrat and Republican Parties
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CHAPTER 13: LEARNING CHAPTER 13: LEARNING OBJECTIVESOBJECTIVES
Define “critical elections” and party realignment and dealignment in the United States and cite examples of their occurrence
Identify and explain the three broad functions of political parties
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CHAPTER 13: LEARNING CHAPTER 13: LEARNING OBJECTIVESOBJECTIVES
Understand the historical and legal factors that contributed to the development of the two-party system in the United States
Explain the role that third parties have played in U.S. elections
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CHAPTER 13: LEARNING CHAPTER 13: LEARNING OBJECTIVESOBJECTIVES
Learn how party organizations operate at the national, state, and local levels, including how they define party platforms and help their candidates win elections
Learn the factors that have contributed to a decline in political parties over the past few decades and assess the future prospects for the partiesCopyright © 2012 Cengage Learning
……. NOW & THEN. NOW & THEN
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NOW Tea Party activists wearing themed costumes march in a tax-revolt rally in 2009.
THEN A rally of the Populist’s movement in
Willowdale Township, Kansas, during the early
1890s.
PHIL MCCARTEN/REUTERS/LANDOV
FOTOSEARCH/GETTY IMAGES
INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION
At the national, state, and local levels, the two major political parties control the agenda and run the government
Responsible party government model:
Depicts the proper role of parties as organizations that offer clear programs and policy positions to voters
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INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION
The Founders designed a federal system without political parties
Madison and others viewed parties as tools of the politically ambitious
Tending to promote corruption and bias in the political system
Despite this, parties have become central to the American political system
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AMERICAN GOVERNMENT… IN AMERICAN GOVERNMENT… IN HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVEHISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE
Senators Who Leave Their Party Loyalties Behind
2009: Arlen Specter switched from Republican to Democrat to avoid impending defeat in the 2012 primary
Laid the groundwork for a filibuster-proof Democratic majority
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AMERICAN GOVERNMENT… IN AMERICAN GOVERNMENT… IN HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVEHISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE
2001: Jim Jeffords left the Republicans to become an independent caucusing with the Democrats
Gave the Democrats a 50–49 advantage
1953: Senator Wayne Morse formally abandoned the Republican Party
Created a 48–47 Democratic advantage
Copyright © 2012 Cengage Learning
Copyright © 2012 Cengage Learning
David Cameron and Benjamin Netanyahu
RAINER JENSEN/NEWSCOM JIM HOLLANDER POOL/EPA/PHOTOSHOT
POLITICAL PARTIESPOLITICAL PARTIES
Organizations seeking to win elections for the purpose of influencing government
Typically guided by a political philosophy, rooted in particular values and
An ideological approach to governing
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HISTORY OF POLITICAL PARTIES HISTORY OF POLITICAL PARTIES IN THE UNITED STATESIN THE UNITED STATES
The First Parties in AmericaSupporters of the English crown aligned
with the British Tory PartyAdvocates of independence aligned
with the British Whig PartyLater, the ratification debate pitted the
Federalists against the Anti-Federalists
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HISTORY OF POLITICAL PARTIES HISTORY OF POLITICAL PARTIES IN THE UNITED STATESIN THE UNITED STATES
George Washington despised parties and refused to endorse their presence
Yet many of his supporters organized the Federalist Party
The Democratic-Republican Party opposed an overly strong national government—challenged the Federalists
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Thomas Jefferson (left) of the Democratic-Republican Party and Alexander Hamilton (center) of the Federalist Party, speaking to President George Washington (right).PHOTO: MPI/GETTY IMAGES
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HISTORY OF POLITICAL PARTIES HISTORY OF POLITICAL PARTIES IN THE UNITED STATESIN THE UNITED STATES
1796: Federalists endorsed Adams who won the presidency, but
Democratic-Republicans endorsed Jefferson—who won the vice presidency
1800: the parties endorsed a slate for president and vice president, however
Resulted in a tied Electoral College vote Copyright © 2012 Cengage Learning
HISTORY OF POLITICAL PARTIES HISTORY OF POLITICAL PARTIES IN THE UNITED STATESIN THE UNITED STATES
Twelfth Amendment (1804): deferred to the reality of political parties
Formally separated the Electoral College vote for president and vice president
Helped avoid the earlier problems of a bipartisan presidency and/or a tied vote
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HISTORY OF POLITICAL PARTIES HISTORY OF POLITICAL PARTIES IN THE UNITED STATESIN THE UNITED STATES
The 1800 election marked the beginning of the end Federalist party
It struggled, and became extinct after the election of 1820
However, the lack of competition fragmented the Democratic-Republicans
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HISTORY OF POLITICAL PARTIES HISTORY OF POLITICAL PARTIES IN THE UNITED STATESIN THE UNITED STATES
1824: none of the candidates received a majority of electoral votes
Andrew Jackson won 99 votes, John Quincy Adams won 84, and another 74 were scattered among other candidates
The House decided in favor of Adams leaving the Party in disarray
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A SECOND PARTY SYSTEM A SECOND PARTY SYSTEM EMERGESEMERGES
Disillusioned—Jackson formed the Democratic Party, which remains today
Those loyal to John Quincy Adams began calling themselves the National Republicans
1828: Jackson’s populist campaign proposed that the people should have a greater say in selecting the president
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A SECOND PARTY SYSTEM A SECOND PARTY SYSTEM EMERGESEMERGES
The 1828 election permanently changed the nature of campaigns, and the nature of parties
The precedent for a presidential election influenced by the masses was now set, and
The era of congressional delegations selecting presidential electors ended
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A SECOND PARTY SYSTEM A SECOND PARTY SYSTEM EMERGESEMERGES
This era also established the tradition of national party conventions
Delegates choose their presidential and vice presidential candidates,
Draft the party platform—outlines the party’s position on important issues—and
Coordinate party activities across the states
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A SECOND PARTY SYSTEM A SECOND PARTY SYSTEM EMERGESEMERGES
1832: The Democratic Party held its first national party convention
1836–1856: the Whigs and Democrats were national parties, with organizations in each state
The Civil War transformed U.S. politics, and led to the demise of the Whig Party
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A SECOND PARTY SYSTEM A SECOND PARTY SYSTEM EMERGESEMERGES
Strong differences of opinion over slavery led to the Whig’s decline
Smaller parties emerged, i.e., the Free Soil and Know-Nothing parties, but didn’t gain a significant foothold
A new Republican Party emerged to absorb the smaller parties and replace the Whig party
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AMERICAN GOVERNMENT… IN AMERICAN GOVERNMENT… IN GLOBAL PERSPECTIVEGLOBAL PERSPECTIVE
The Importance of Having Honest Two-Party Elections:
A 2009 Pew Global Attitudes Survey asked about various democratic ideals characterizing American political culture
Included—the value of “honest two-party elections”
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Copyright © 2012 Cengage Learning
Source: http://pewglobal.org/2009/02/12/the-global-middle-class.
Honest Elections with at least Two Parties Very Important
THE MODERN PARTY SYSTEM IN AMERICA: THE MODERN PARTY SYSTEM IN AMERICA: DEMOCRATS VERSUS REPUBLICANSDEMOCRATS VERSUS REPUBLICANS
Every presidential election since 1856 (except 1912) has featured Democrats and Republicans as the only two major political parties in serious contention
1912: former Republican President Theodore Roosevelt, nominee of the new Progressive or “Bull Moose” Party, ran second to Democrat Wilson
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CHECK THE LIST: FIVE CRITICAL CHECK THE LIST: FIVE CRITICAL ELECTIONS IN U.S. HISTORYELECTIONS IN U.S. HISTORY
1. 1828: Jackson’s populist campaign
2. 1860: Slavery was the defining issue
3. 1896: Agrarian interests vs. industrialists
4. 1932: The Great Depression
5. 1968: “Dealignment”—neither party has a lock on the electorate
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THE FUNCTIONS OF PARTIESTHE FUNCTIONS OF PARTIES
Contesting Elections:Fund-raising, organizing events and
meetings, providing funding to candidates
Recruiting and organizing volunteersPurchasing services such as political
advertisements
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THE FUNCTIONS OF PARTIESTHE FUNCTIONS OF PARTIES
Recruiting and Nominating Candidates:
Parties want candidates who will represent the party well
Most recruiting begins at the local levelProvide a “weeding out” process
resulting in higher-quality candidates
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THE FUNCTIONS OF PARTIESTHE FUNCTIONS OF PARTIES
Providing a Framework for Voters to Make Vote Choices
Party affiliation may cue voters as to a candidate’s political, ideological, and policy perspectives
Most voters associate political parties with at least broad approaches to governing
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YOUR PERSPECTIVE . . . ON YOUR PERSPECTIVE . . . ON AMERICAN GOVERNMENTAMERICAN GOVERNMENT
The Republicans vs. the Democrats … at a College Campus Near You
Does your college have chapters for the College Democrats and College Republicans?
If so, which one is more popular on your campus?
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YOUR PERSPECTIVE . . . ON YOUR PERSPECTIVE . . . ON AMERICAN GOVERNMENTAMERICAN GOVERNMENT
Does their relative popularity reflect the relative popularity of the two parties in the local region or the state?
If you are already a member, what kind of activities does your chapter engage in that help promote the national party’s cause?
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AMERICAN GOVERNMENT… IN AMERICAN GOVERNMENT… IN POPULAR PERSPECTIVEPOPULAR PERSPECTIVE
Democrats tend to have different perspectives on social issues than Republicans
The following data from a May 2012 Gallup Poll indicates how partisan groups differ on what is considered to be morally acceptable
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Copyright © 2012 Cengage Learning
PARTY IDENTIFICATIONPARTY IDENTIFICATION
Attachment to a particular political partyA political attitude that begins to form
early in life Usually remains relatively stable Important in forming attitudes on issues
and voting decisions
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PARTY IDENTIFICATIONPARTY IDENTIFICATION
Research shows:1. There are many more party identifiers than
independents
2. The number of Democrats and Republicans is nearly equal today
3. It is very resistant to change
4. It plays a very important role in helping voters make decisions
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PROVIDING ORGANIZATION FOR THE PROVIDING ORGANIZATION FOR THE OPERATIONS OF GOVERNMENTOPERATIONS OF GOVERNMENT
Leadership in Congress is based primarily on majority-party leadership
Leaders try to implement their party’s campaign pledges and platforms
Partisanship and loyalty may influence presidential appointments to executive branch leadership positions
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FIGURE 13.2 PARTISAN VOTING IN FIGURE 13.2 PARTISAN VOTING IN CONGRESSCONGRESS
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•Source: Congressional Quarterly
PROVIDING ORGANIZATION FOR THE PROVIDING ORGANIZATION FOR THE OPERATIONS OF GOVERNMENTOPERATIONS OF GOVERNMENT
The greater a party’s control over Congress, the more power that party has in influencing public policy
Divided government: split party control of Congress and the presidency
Often makes it difficult for either party to advance its policy goals and objectives
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WHY A TWO-PARTY SYSTEM?WHY A TWO-PARTY SYSTEM?
Party systems in democracies vary, but may generally be classified as: Two-party systems, or Multiparty systems
Multiparty systems are organized by:Political ideologies, particular economic
interests, positions on an issue or set of issues, religion, or geography
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REASONS FOR THE TWO-PARTY REASONS FOR THE TWO-PARTY SYSTEM IN THE UNITED STATESSYSTEM IN THE UNITED STATES
1. The Electoral College system A candidate must obtain a majority of votes
in the Electoral College (not just a plurality)
Encourages groups of voters to align with one of the major parties, so their votes won’t be wasted
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REASONS FOR THE TWO-PARTY REASONS FOR THE TWO-PARTY SYSTEM IN THE UNITED STATESSYSTEM IN THE UNITED STATES
2. Winner-take-all process in selecting members of Congress Differs from other democratic systems using
proportional representation
The percentage of the vote a party receives determines the number of government seats the party occupies
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REASONS FOR THE TWO-PARTY REASONS FOR THE TWO-PARTY SYSTEM IN THE UNITED STATESSYSTEM IN THE UNITED STATES
3. The ideological nature of public opinion in American Most Americans are ideologically centrist, or
moderate
Therefore, neither the Democratic nor Republican Party can be too strongly ideological
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REASONS FOR THE TWO-PARTY REASONS FOR THE TWO-PARTY SYSTEM IN THE UNITED STATESSYSTEM IN THE UNITED STATES
4. Laws and regulations that govern campaigns favor the major parties Federal and state funding is more difficult
for third parties to obtain, also
To appear on election ballots, third-party candidates must meet various additional requirements
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MINOR AND THIRD PARTIESMINOR AND THIRD PARTIES
Most third-party candidates fail to obtain even 1% of the popular vote in presidential elections, and
Few are found in Congress, in state legislatures or governorships, or in local government
All U.S. presidents the past 150 years have run as a Democrat or Republican
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OBSTACLES FACED BY THIRD OBSTACLES FACED BY THIRD PARTIESPARTIES
Negligible chance of winning fosters a sense that the vote would be wasted
Historical and cultural institutionalization of the two-party system
Large number of voters who identify with one of the two major parties
Limited media attention or coverage for third-party candidates
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TYPES OF THIRD PARTIESTYPES OF THIRD PARTIES
Political scientist James Q. Wilson has identified four types of third parties:
1. Economic protest parties
2. Ideological parties
3. Issue parties
4. Factional parties
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Copyright © 2012 Cengage Learning
Green Party Candidate Ralph Nader in 200
AP PHOTO/J. SCOTT APPLEWHITE
THE PARTY ORGANIZATIONSTHE PARTY ORGANIZATIONS
National party organizations are run by a national committee—and a national committee chair
Oversee presidential campaigns and congressional elections
Today, more involved in raising money
Strategy, planning, and advising are handled by a candidate’s campaign staff
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ARE PARTIES IN DECLINE?ARE PARTIES IN DECLINE?
Many political scientists contend that U.S. political parties are in a state of decline
Others argue that although certain aspects of parties are declining
In other ways parties are showing a resurgence in relevance
Parties remain alive and quite active Copyright © 2012 Cengage Learning
NOW & THEN, MAKING THE NOW & THEN, MAKING THE CONNECTIONCONNECTION
Needs to be added when the new opening vignette is added
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POLITICS INTERACTIVE!POLITICS INTERACTIVE!
A Democrat Even a Republican Nominee Could Love
Since his election in 1988, Connecticut Senator Joseph Lieberman has been a political enigma
A classic liberal on social issues, but an extreme conservative on military and war issues
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POLITICS INTERACTIVE!POLITICS INTERACTIVE! Go to
www.cengage.com/dautrich/americangovernment/2e
Find the Politics Interactive link for a discussion of the narrow working margin in the Senate, and a list of the moderate members who are most influential
Consult the links that relate to other famous mavericks as well
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Senator Joseph Lieberman (I-CT), right, with 2008 Republican presidential candidate John McCain at the Republican National Convention.JOE RAEDLE/GETTY IMAGES
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