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Presented By:Scott Campbell - Weatherford - Denver, ColoradoPetey Erwin – Newfield Exploration - Tulsa, Oklahoma
CVR System
Critical Velocity Reduction
A Combination of Dead Strings, Capillary Injection Foamer and Plunger Lift
1© 2006 Weatherford. All rights reserved.
Critical Flow Rates
0
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
3,000
3,500
4,000
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1,000
Wellhead Pressure (psi)
Flow
Rat
e (m
cf/d
)
1.00"/0.826"
1.25"/1.076"
1.50"/1.310"
2.0"/1.78"
1.90/1.61
2 1/16"/1.75
2 3/8"/1.995
2 7/8"/2.441
3.5"/2.867
4.5 11.6 lb/ft
5.5 20 lb/ft
7.0" 26 lb./ft
4.5" Casing w / 2 3/8" Tubing
5.5" Casing w / 2 7/8" Tubing
7.0" Casing w / 3 1/2" Tubing
1.00-in. OD/0.826-in. ID CT
1.25-in. OD/1.076-in. ID CT
1.50-in. OD/1.310-in. ID CT
2.00-in. OD/1.780-in. ID CT
1.90-in. OD/1.610-in. ID API Tubing
2 1/16-in. OD/1.750-in. ID API Tubing
2 3/8-in. OD/1.995-in. ID API Tubing
2 7/8-in. OD/2.441-in. ID API Tubing
3.50-in. OD/2.867-in. ID API Tubing
4.5-in., 11.6-lb/ft Casing
5.5-in., 20-lb/ft Casing
7-in., 26-lb/ft Casing
4.5-in. Casing w/2 7/8-in./ Tubing
5.5-in. Casing w/2 7/8-in./ Tubing
7.0-in. Casing w/3 1/2-in./ Tubing
2© 2006 Weatherford. All rights reserved.
Typical Completion:
2 3/8” Production Tubing
4 ½” Casing 11.6# Casing
Extended Perforation Interval
3© 2006 Weatherford. All rights reserved.
Critical flow requirements assuming 200-psi WHBP(FTP):
CFR for 2-3/8” = 406 mcf/dCFR for 4-1/2” = 1.63 MMcf/d
Typical Completion
• Production String: 2-3/8”, 4.7 lb/ft
• Casing: 4-1/2”, 11.6 lb.ft
– 4.000-in. ID– 3.875-in. drift– Flow area: 12.5683 in.2
2 3/8”tubing
Extended perforation interval
4 ½” casing
A B
4© 2006 Weatherford. All rights reserved.
4 ½”, 11.6-lb/ft Casing
2 3/8” Production Tubingwith
2 7/8” Velocity Reduction String(Dead String)
5© 2006 Weatherford. All rights reserved.
4 ½” Casing, 2 7/8” Dead String Only
2 3/8”X-LOC nipple
2 3/8” Heavy Duty Flow Sub
36- ¾” holes
2 3/8” X-Nipplew/ retrv. plug
2 3/8” X 2 7/8”Crossover
2 7/8” Tubing “Dead String”
2 3/8” Tubing
Shear-Out Sub
4 ½” Casing• Production String: 2 3/8”
• Dead String: 2 7/8” ULTRA FLUSH– NO couplings = 2 7/8” = 2.875” OD
• Casing: 4-1/2”, 11.6 lb/ft– Flow area: 12.5683 in.2
• Annular flow area, 2-7/8” inside 4-1/2”– Flow area: 6.0768 in.2
CFR Assuming 200-psi WHBP:
CFR for 2-3/8” = 406 mcf/dCFR for 4-1/2” x 2 7/8” Area = 790 mcf/d
(was 1.63 MMcf/d with open 4 ½” casing)
6© 2006 Weatherford. All rights reserved.
Casing SizeO.D.= 4 ½”I.D. = 4.00”
Tubing SizeO.D.= 2 7/8”I.D. = 2.441”
Annulus Area, in2
6.0768
4 ½” Casing, 2 7/8” Tubing
7© 2006 Weatherford. All rights reserved.
Heavy-Wall Flow Sub with Isolation
Sleeve
Kobe knockout equalization plug
Seal ring packing
WX-LOK dogs
Heavy-Duty Flow Sub2 3/8” tubing, 36 ¾” holes
OD = 3.063”
ID = 1.995”
Top sub w/ WX LOC 1.875”
profile
Over 5 times the flow area
of 2 3/8”tubing
1.875” polished bore
Isolation SleeveOD = 1.75”
ID = 0.98”
Seal ring packing
8© 2006 Weatherford. All rights reserved.
2 3/8” X 2 7/8”Crossover
2 3/8” Tubing
2 3/8” X-Nipplew/ retrv. Plug
¼” Capillary Injection String
Injection Valve and Mandrel
Shear-Out Sub
2 7/8” Dead String
4 ½” Casing
• Production String: 2-3/8”• Dead String: 2 7/8” ULTRA FLUSH• Casing: 4 ½”, 11.6-lb/ft casing
– Flow area: 12.5683 in.2
• Annular Flow Area: 2-7/8” inside 4-1/2”– Flow area: 6.0768 in.2
CFR assuming 200-psi WHBP:
2 3/8” = 168 mcf/d with foam(was 406 mcf/d without foam)
4 ½” x 2 7/8” = 327 mcf/d with foam
(was 790 mcf/d without foam)(was 1.63 MMcf/d without Dead String)
4 ½” Casing, 2 7/8” Dead Stringwith Capillary String for Foamer Injection
2 3/8” Heavy Duty Flow Sub
36- ¾” Holes
9© 2006 Weatherford. All rights reserved.
2 3/8” bumper spring with seating cups
Perforation interval
Same Assembly- Add Plunger LiftWhen Needed
• Three artificial lift solutions working together:
– Area Reduction (Dead String)
– Surface Tension and Density Reduction
– Plunger Lift (Mechanical Interface)
10© 2006 Weatherford. All rights reserved.
Flowing Well Head Pressure = 200 PSI
9.1757
12.3120
6.0768
14.3683
8.1360
18.7978
12.5683
7.0315
4.6800
3.1262
Flow Area(in.2 )
168.4406.70
6.5015.70
0.021712 3/8”, 4.7-lb/ft tubing
252.1608.800.032502 7/8”, 6.5-lb/ft tubing
378.8914.700.048833 ½”, 9.20-lb/ft tubing
676.91,634.900.087284 ½”, 11.6-lb/ft casing
1,012.52,445.400.130545 ½”, 17-lb/ft casing
494.21,193.700.063723 ½” tubing X 5 ½” casing
662.81,600.800.085502 7/8” tubing X 5 ½” casing
327.2790.300.042202 7/8” tubing X 4 ½” casing
773.91,869.000.099782 3/8” tubing X 5 ½” casing
438.31,058.500.056502 3/8” tubing X 4 ½” casing
CFR with Foam
(mcf/d)
CFR with Water
(mcf/d)
CV with Foam,
(ft /sec)
CV with Water,(ft /sec)Flow Area
(ft2)
Flow Path
CV = Critical velocity, ft/secCFR = Critical flow rate, mcf/dFlowing surface temperature = 70°FDensity of water = 8.4 lb/galZ = 0.97
11© 2006 Weatherford. All rights reserved.
4 ½” Casing with 2 7/8” Dead String with 2 3/8” Production Tubing
12© 2006 Weatherford. All rights reserved.
Installation Photos
1. Installation Technician2. Capillary Spooling Unit3. Sheave in Derrick
1 2 3
13© 2006 Weatherford. All rights reserved.
Installation Photos1. CVR Assembly in Elevators2. ¼” Capillary String @ Valve3. Stainless Bands
1 2 3
14© 2006 Weatherford. All rights reserved.
Installation Photos1. Ultra Flush Box2. Ultra Flush Pin3. Ultra Flush Connection4. Extended Neck Tubing Hanger5. Adapter Flange
1 3
4
52
15© 2006 Weatherford. All rights reserved.
Splicing the Externally Banded Capillary String
16© 2006 Weatherford. All rights reserved.
Mountain Front Wash
Mid-Continent
17© 2006 Weatherford. All rights reserved.
4-1/2” Casing x 2-7/8” Dead String
Mid-Continent
18© 2006 Weatherford. All rights reserved.
2-7/8” Dead String, No Cap String, Conventional Plunger, 300 mcfd
Mid-Continent
19© 2006 Weatherford. All rights reserved.
Mid-Continent
2-7/8” Dead String, No Cap String, Conventional Plunger, < 300 mcfd
20© 2006 Weatherford. All rights reserved.
Mid-Continent
2-7/8” Dead String, Capillary String, No Plunger, 300 mcfd
21© 2006 Weatherford. All rights reserved.
Mid-Continent
5-1/2” Casing x 3-1/2” Dead String
22© 2006 Weatherford. All rights reserved.
Mid-Continent
3-1/2” Dead String, Cap String, Conventional Plunger, 500 mcfd
23© 2006 Weatherford. All rights reserved.
Mid-Continent
3-1/2” Dead String, Capillary String, CF Plunger, 500 mcfd
24© 2006 Weatherford. All rights reserved.
Mid-Continent
3-1/2” Dead String, Capillary String, CF Plunger, > 500 mcfd
25© 2006 Weatherford. All rights reserved.
Mid-ContinentPrior to Installation• Obtain water analysis – pH, salinity, scaling tendencies, & SG
• Check for fill
• Acquire FBHP & T– extrapolate to proposed end of dead string
Lessons Learned• Run the largest size dead string possible for a given casing size
• Use Ultra-flush joint pipe for dead string
• Run cap string & plunger equipment with initial dead string installation
• Fill cap string and test valve every 1,000’ during installation
• Swab until soap returns are seen at surface or well kicks off
Current Recommended Practice
26© 2006 Weatherford. All rights reserved.
Presented By:Scott Campbell - Weatherford - Denver, ColoradoPetey Erwin – Newfield Exploration - Tulsa, Oklahoma
CVR System
Critical Velocity Reduction
A Combination of Dead Strings, Capillary Injection Foamer and Plunger Lift
ANY QUESTIONS?
27© 2006 Weatherford. All rights reserved.
Gravity
Gas Flow
Water Droplet
Drag from flowing gas is tending to lift water droplet which is reacting to GRAVITY and
trying to remain at bottom of a well.
Turner Equation: Calculates Flow Velocity that keeps “Liquid Drop” Stationary in flow stream;Calculate Critical Velocity necessary to maintain Drag Force.
VELOCITY OF FLOW IN THE TUBULAR CONFIGURATION THAT WILL CAUSE DROPLET
TO REMAIN STATIONARY
Vc = 1.593σ1/4(ρLiquid-ρGas)1/4
ρGas1/2
Turner Equation
Liquid Loading: Turner EquationSurface Tension and Fluid Density Dependent
28© 2006 Weatherford. All rights reserved.
Standard Assumptions that “Simplify”Turner Equation:
Vc = 1.593σ1/4(ρLiquid-ρGas)1/4
ρGas1/2
Turner Equation
60 dynes/cm Surface Tension for Water20 dynes/cm Surface Tension for Condensate67 lbm/ft3 Water Density45 lbm/ft3 Condensate Density0.6 gas Gravity120 oF Gas Temperature20% Upward Adjustment – Fit His Empirical Data
Vc = C(ρLiquid-0.0031p)1/4
(0.0031p)1/2
C = 5.321, water C= 4.043, condensate, p>=1,000 psi.
“Simplified” Turner Equation
Liquid Loading: Turner EquationSimplified with Oilfield “Standard” ValuesVc Function of fluid type, Pressure, and Liquid Density
Higher Pressures
P>1,000 psi
Gravity
Gas Flow
Water Droplet
29© 2006 Weatherford. All rights reserved.
Standard Assumptions that “Simplify” the Turner Equation to the Coleman Equation:
Vc = C(ρLiquid-0.0031p)1/4
(0.0031p)1/2
C = 4.434, water C= 3.369, condensate, p<=1,000 psi.
“Simplified” Coleman Equation
60 dynes/cm Surface Tension for Water20 dynes/cm Surface Tension for Condensate67 lbm/ft3 Water Density45 lbm/ft3 Condensate Density0.6 gas Gravity120 oF Gas Temperature20% Upward Adjustment – Fit His Empirical Data
Liquid Loading: Coleman EquationColeman Eliminates 20% adjustment
Lower Pressures
P<1,000 psi
Gravity
Gas Flow
Water Droplet
30© 2006 Weatherford. All rights reserved.
Vc = C(ρLiquid-0.0031p)1/4
(0.0031p)1/2
C = 4.434, water C= 3.369, condensate, C = 3.369, FOAMp<=1,000 psi.
“Simplified” Coleman Equation
Liquid Loading: Coleman Equation - FOAM
Lower Pressures
FOAM CASE
Gravity
Gas Flow
FOAM Droplet Cluster
Foam Cluster Apparent Density = 6 lbm/ft3 (or less)Foam Cluster Water Surface Tension = 20 dynes/cm
Surface Tension Condensate = +/- Surface Tension FOAM = +/- 20 dynes/cm
So….Constant in Condensate Equation = Constant in FOAM Equation
= 3.369, Coleman Equation
31© 2006 Weatherford. All rights reserved.
“Critical Flow Rate” can be calculated once we have “Critical Velocity”
Q(MMCFPD) = 3.06PVcA
Tz
P Flowing Tubing PressureVc Critical VelocityA X-Area Tubular Flow PathT Flowing Temp oRZ Z Factor
Critical Flow Rate Equation
Critical Flow rate is the flowing gas rate necessary to maintain Critical Velocity
Critical Flow Rate
32© 2006 Weatherford. All rights reserved.
Table of Critical VelocitiesColeman Equation - FOAM
Lower Pressures
FOAM CASE
Q(MMCFPD) = 3.06PVcA
Tz
P Flowing Tubing PressureVc Critical VelocityA X-Area Tubular Flow PathT Flowing Temp oRZ Z Factor
Critical Flow Rate Equation
Note: No Friction considered for additional foam viscosity
Vc --- reduces by factor of +/- 2.4 to 2.8 Depending Upon Pressure
Conservative Rule of ThumbFOAMER REDUCES CV by a FACTOR of 3
33© 2006 Weatherford. All rights reserved.
Disclaimer
The following disclaimer may be included as the last page of a Technical Presentation or Continuing Education Course. A similar disclaimer is included on the front page of the Gas Well Deliquification Web Site.
The Gas Well Deliquification Steering Committee Members, the Supporting Organizations and their companies, the author(s) of this Technical Presentation or Continuing Education Course, and their company(ies), provide this presentation and/or training at the Gas Well Deliquification Workshop "as is" without any warranty of any kind, express or implied, as to the accuracy of the information or the products or services referred to by any presenter (in so far as such warranties may be excluded under any relevant law) and these members and their companies will not be liable for unlawful actions and any losses or damage that may result from use of any presentation as a consequence of any inaccuracies in, or any omission from, the information which therein may be contained.
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