c9: pretrial procedures and criminal trial who is susan polk? what were the issues with her trial?...
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C9: Pretrial Procedures and Criminal Trial
Who is Susan Polk? What were the issues with her trial? What do you think happened to her?
C9: Pretrial Procedures and Criminal Trial
Define: Initial appearance p.221 Bail p.221 Release on Recognizance p.222 Bail Bondsperson p.223 Preventive detention p.223
C9: Pretrial Procedures and Criminal Trial
Purpose of Bail Bail is guaranteed under 8th Amendment Not all jurisdictions have the same
guidelines for bail Prohibited in capital crimes Reasonable compared to the crime, not
compared to defendant’s ability to pay
C9: Pretrial Procedures and Criminal Trial
Purpose of Bail Bail also protects community from the
defendant
C9: Pretrial Procedures and Criminal Trial
Gaining Pretrial Release Release on recognizance (ROR) was
introduced by Manhattan Bail Project in 1960s
Less than 5% fail to show for trial Not used for felonies
C9: Pretrial Procedures and Criminal Trial
Gaining Pretrial Release Defendants may post bail with property Property must be double the cost of the
bail Bondsperson can be used, but the
defendant must have collateral
C9: Pretrial Procedures and Criminal Trial
Preventive Detention Judges are allowed to act “in the best
interests of the community” Bail Reform Act of 1984: Can set bail
high to keep suspects in jail 16% of released are rearrested before
trial Federal offenders can be held without bail
Is this fair under the Constitution? Page 224: Innocent on Bail?
C9: Pretrial Procedures and Criminal Trial
Define: Discovery p.225 Information p.225 Indictment p.225 Case attrition p.226
C9: Pretrial Procedures and Criminal Trial
Book Questions: Copy and Answer on separate paper using pages 220 – 2281. After an arrest and booking has been
made, what is the next step towards determining guilt or innocence?
2. At what stage does a judge or magistrate decide if there is sufficient evidence to proceed to trial?
3. What is the formal investigation, prior to trial, where the defense obtains information from the prosecution?
C9: Pretrial Procedures and Criminal Trial
Book Questions: Copy and Answer on separate paper using pages 220 – 2284. Find the word “perfunctory” on page 225.
Write what you think it means.5. How long does a preliminary hearing
usually last?6. What states REQUIRE Grand Jury
indictment to charge an individual with any type of crime?
7. What is an indictment called if it comes from a Preliminary Hearing?
C9: Pretrial Procedures and Criminal Trial
Define: Nolo Contendere p.228 Acquittal p.232 Venire p.234 Voir Dire p.235 Challenge for Cause p.236 Peremptory Challenge p.236
C9: Pretrial Procedures and Criminal Trial
Prosecutorial Screening Process After an initial charge, prosecutors can
add more charges P. 227, fig. 9.4:
How many arrests? How many prosecuted? How many incarcerated?
C9: Pretrial Procedures and Criminal Trial
Case Attrition About half of felony cases are dismissed
through a nolle prosequi Why? Resources.
C9: Pretrial Procedures and Criminal Trial
How do you decide when to prosecute? Look at pages 226 – 228 and put the 5
deciding factors for prosecution into your own words
C9: Pretrial Procedures and Criminal Trial
Prosecutorial Charging and the Defense Attorney The pretrial motions are a defense
attorney’s tools to help their client. In your notes, copy the list of motions
on page 228 and write an expected effect of each motion.
C9: Pretrial Procedures and Criminal Trial
Steps to a Trial Diagram Using the flow chart on page 222,
create your own Steps Leading to a Trial on a white sheet of paper
Summarize or paraphrase the steps in your own words
Create illustrations for 5 of the steps that you think are most interesting / important
C9: Pretrial Procedures and Criminal Trial
Define: Real Evidence p. 237 Direct Evidence p. 237 Circumstantial Evidence p. 237 Relevant Evidence p. 238
C9: Pretrial Procedures and Criminal Trial
Define: Lay Witness p. 237 Expert Witness p. 237
C9: Pretrial Procedures and Criminal Trial
Jury Selection Requirements:
1. U.S. Citizen2. 18 y.o.3. No felony convictions4. Sufficiently intelligent5. Read, write, comprehend English
C9: Pretrial Procedures and Criminal Trial
Jury Selection Jurors come from a master jury list, or
jury pool, created with DMV or voter records
Step 1: Venire – Bring potential jurors to the courthouse
Step 2: Voire Dire – Jurors are given written and oral questions to determine bias
Step 3: Challenging potential jurors – For cause: Don’t speak English, have link
to defendant, etc.
C9: Pretrial Procedures and Criminal Trial
Jury Selection Step 3: Challenging potential jurors:
Peremptory: Given a limited number of them
Issues: Race – Minorities were often excluded
from earlier juries Women – Allowed to serve since the 19th
Amendment, but given a choice until the 1970’s
C9: Pretrial Procedures and Criminal Trial
Assignment (Part 1) p. 235:
On a sheet of paper: Write the name of the trial People v.
Carter(2011) Create a list of 5 potential Yes/No
questions that would be on a juror questionnaire for this trial
C9: Pretrial Procedures and Criminal Trial
The Trial: Define:
Hearsay p. 239 Charge p. 242 Hung Jury p. 243 Allen Charge p. 244
C9: Pretrial Procedures and Criminal Trial
The Trial: Plea Bargaining
Removes the risk for the prosecution Sometimes the best case for the defense Gives the defendant a level of control over
their fate
C9: Pretrial Procedures and Criminal Trial
Special Features of Criminal Trials A Speedy Trial
Guaranteed under Sixth Amendment Must prove that delays are prejudicial if
you want to claim injustice Federal level: Speedy Trial Act of 1974:
No more than 30 days from arrest to indictment
Ten days from indictment to arraignment Sixty days from arraignment to trial
C9: Pretrial Procedures and Criminal Trial
Special Features of Criminal Trials An Impartial Jury
Duncan v. Louisiana (1968) guaranteed this for felonies
Most juries have 12 people Most votes for acquittal must be
unanimous
C9: Pretrial Procedures and Criminal Trial
Special Features of Criminal Trials Privilege Against Self-Incrimination
Fifth Amendment says you cannot be compelled to testify against yourself
Jury must not be prejudiced against this Adamson v. California (1947)
C9: Pretrial Procedures and Criminal Trial
Special Features of Criminal Trials Presumption of Innocence
Innocent until proven guilty Media can make this difficult Scott Peterson’s case was moved from
Modesto to San Mateo due to fear of bias
C9: Pretrial Procedures and Criminal Trial
Special Features of Criminal Trials Standard of Proof
Guilt beyond a reasonable doubt Prosecution must prove it Is it worse to convict an innocent person
or let a guilty person go free?
C9: Pretrial Procedures and Criminal Trial
The Trial Opening Statements
Prosecution Defense
Direct Evidence of Prosecution Cross Examination of Prosecution Direct Evidence of Defense Cross Examination of Defense Prosecution Rebuttal Defense Surrebuttal Closing Statements
Defense Prosecution
C9: Pretrial Procedures and Criminal Trial
The Trial Evidence
Testimonial Evidence Lay witness v. expert witness
Direct evidence v. circumstantial Circumstantial only makes a connection,
direct is enough to convict
C9: Pretrial Procedures and Criminal Trial
The CSI Effect: Read page 244 On a sheet of paper to hand in, answer
in one or two paragraphs: What effect has popular culture and TV
such as CSI had on the criminal justice process? Are these effects good or bad? Why?
C9: Pretrial Procedures and Criminal Trial
The Trial Prosecution’s case
More difficult task, must present corpus delicti
Must utilize witnesses, but cannot lead Witness answers must be based on their
own knowledge, not hearsay Sixth amendment allows for cross-
examination
C9: Pretrial Procedures and Criminal Trial
The Trial Rebuttal and Surrebuttal
Prosecution can bring forth new witnesses after the defense finishes - rebuttal
Defense can then cross examine the new witness and introduce new witnesses - surrebuttal
C9: Pretrial Procedures and Criminal Trial
Final Steps Jury Deliberation
Given instructions by the judge In extreme cases, will be sequestered –
removed from the public
C9: Pretrial Procedures and Criminal Trial
Final Steps The Verdict
Commonly, guilty or not guilty Can have varying degrees if instructed Hung jury can lead to an Allen Charge –
Allen v. United States (1896)
C9: Pretrial Procedures and Criminal Trial
Appeals Only available to defense, prosecuting
again would put the defendant in double jeopardy
Civil suit can be filed against the defendant (Like O.J.)
State and Federal trials can be separate
C9: Pretrial Procedures and Criminal Trial
Why Appeal? 1. Correct an error made during trial 2. Review policy (laws can become
outdated)
C9: Pretrial Procedures and Criminal Trial
Habeas Corpus Latin for “you have the body” A petition that allows a prisoner to
challenge treatment during trial or imprisonment as unconstitutional
C9: Pretrial Procedures and Criminal Trial
Chapter 9 Assignment: Read “Rape Shield Laws” p. 248-250 Answer questions 1-3 in complete
sentences Due Tomorrow
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