cancer 101 monica schlatter, rn, nd, aocnp. types of cancer aids- related malignancies aids- related...
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Cancer 101Cancer 101
Monica Schlatter, RN, ND, Monica Schlatter, RN, ND, AOCNPAOCNP
Types of CancerTypes of Cancer AIDS- related malignanciesAIDS- related malignancies
Bone and soft tissue sarcomaBone and soft tissue sarcoma
Bladder and kidney cancerBladder and kidney cancer
Breast cancerBreast cancer
Central nervous system cancersCentral nervous system cancers
Colon and rectal cancerColon and rectal cancer
Endocrine malignanciesEndocrine malignancies
Esophageal, stomach, liver, Esophageal, stomach, liver, gallbladder, and pancreatic gallbladder, and pancreatic cancerscancers
Gynecologic cancerGynecologic cancer
Head and neck malignanciesHead and neck malignancies
LeukemiaLeukemia
Lung cancerLung cancer
Malignant lymphomasMalignant lymphomas
Multiple myelomaMultiple myeloma
Prostate cancerProstate cancer
Skin cancerSkin cancer
Testicular germ cell cancerTesticular germ cell cancer
Types of TreatmentTypes of Treatment ChemotherapyChemotherapy
RadiotherapyRadiotherapy
SurgerySurgery BiotherapyBiotherapy
TransplantationTransplantation
Side Effects of Side Effects of ChemotherapyChemotherapy
Bone Marrow SuppressionBone Marrow Suppression Infection, bleeding, fatigue related to Infection, bleeding, fatigue related to
anemiaanemia FatigueFatigue Gastrointestinal TractGastrointestinal Tract
Nausea/vomiting Nausea/vomiting Diarrhea/constipationDiarrhea/constipation Loss of appetiteLoss of appetite
Side Effects (cont’d)Side Effects (cont’d) HeartHeart
Congestive heart failure (low blood pressure, changes Congestive heart failure (low blood pressure, changes in heart rate)in heart rate)
Brain/nervesBrain/nerves Short term memory lossShort term memory loss Cognitive DysfunctionCognitive Dysfunction Peripheral NeuropathyPeripheral Neuropathy Vision/Hearing effectsVision/Hearing effects DizzinessDizziness
LungsLungs Shortness of breathShortness of breath CoughCough Pain with breathingPain with breathing
Side Effects (cont’d)Side Effects (cont’d)
LiverLiver JaundiceJaundice Unclear thinkingUnclear thinking Pain/Increased abdominal girthPain/Increased abdominal girth
MusculoskeletalMusculoskeletal Sore muscles and jointsSore muscles and joints Fragile bonesFragile bones
Side Effects (cont’d)Side Effects (cont’d) BladderBladder
Bloody urineBloody urine Painful urinationPainful urination
KidneysKidneys Decreased urinationDecreased urination Changes in electrolytes that could affect muscle Changes in electrolytes that could affect muscle
functionfunction HormonesHormones
InfertilityInfertility Symptoms of menopauseSymptoms of menopause Decreased muscle massDecreased muscle mass Difficulty in thermoregulationDifficulty in thermoregulation Decreased libidoDecreased libido
Secondary CancersSecondary Cancers
Side Effects (cont’d)Side Effects (cont’d)
SkinSkin RashRash Increased sensitivityIncreased sensitivity DryDry AlopeciaAlopecia
MouthMouth UlcersUlcers DryDry Poor dentitionPoor dentition
Side Effects of RadiationSide Effects of Radiation
SkinSkin Redness, dryness, desquamationRedness, dryness, desquamation AlopeciaAlopecia
Bone MarrowBone Marrow Possible decrease in white blood cells Possible decrease in white blood cells
and plateletsand platelets GastrointestinalGastrointestinal
MucositisMucositis Dry mouthDry mouth Nausea/vomiting, gastritis, diarrheaNausea/vomiting, gastritis, diarrhea
Side Effects of RadiationSide Effects of Radiation
ReproductiveReproductive InfertilityInfertility Early menopauseEarly menopause
UrinaryUrinary Cystitis, urethritisCystitis, urethritis
CardiovascularCardiovascular Clot formationClot formation PericarditisPericarditis FatigueFatigue
Side Effects of RadiationSide Effects of Radiation
SkeletalSkeletal PainPain Pathological fracturePathological fracture
RespiratoryRespiratory HoarsenessHoarseness PneumonitisPneumonitis
NervousNervous Lhermitte’s SyndromeLhermitte’s Syndrome
Side Effects of Side Effects of BiotherapyBiotherapy
Short term or Infusion- relatedShort term or Infusion- related
Commonly low blood pressure, rash, Commonly low blood pressure, rash, fever/chills, headache, malaise, and sore fever/chills, headache, malaise, and sore jointsjoints
Long termLong term
Increased risk of viral infectionsIncreased risk of viral infections
TransplantationTransplantation
Autologous Hematopoetic Stem Cell Autologous Hematopoetic Stem Cell The use of the patient’s own cells to The use of the patient’s own cells to
“rescue” them following high dose “rescue” them following high dose chemotherapychemotherapy
Used mostly in Multiple myeloma and Used mostly in Multiple myeloma and Lymphomas. Use occasionally in Acute Lymphomas. Use occasionally in Acute Myelogenous LeukemiaMyelogenous Leukemia
All patients require a central lineAll patients require a central line Can be done as an outpatient but many Can be done as an outpatient but many
are admittedare admitted
TransplantationTransplantation
Autologous:Autologous: The patient’s cells are collected then frozenThe patient’s cells are collected then frozen The patient is then given high dose The patient is then given high dose
chemotherapychemotherapy The cells are given about 48 hrs following the The cells are given about 48 hrs following the
chemochemo The cells grow and “engraft” in about 2 The cells grow and “engraft” in about 2
weeksweeks Most patients are discharged back to their Most patients are discharged back to their
oncologists after about a month oncologists after about a month
Side Effects of an Auto Side Effects of an Auto TransplantationTransplantation
The same as those listed for The same as those listed for chemotherapychemotherapy
Bone Marrow HarvestBone Marrow Harvest
TransplantationTransplantation
Allogeneic Hematopoetic Stem CellAllogeneic Hematopoetic Stem Cell The use of someone else’s cells to replace The use of someone else’s cells to replace
the patient’s immune system to generate a the patient’s immune system to generate a “graft versus leukemia/lymphoma” effect“graft versus leukemia/lymphoma” effect
Used mostly in Leukemias and Used mostly in Leukemias and Lymphomas. Used occasionally in Multiple Lymphomas. Used occasionally in Multiple myelomamyeloma
All patients have a central lineAll patients have a central line Most patients are inpatient for up to a Most patients are inpatient for up to a
month with no complicationsmonth with no complications
TransplantationTransplantation
Allogeneic:Allogeneic: The patient is given their “conditioning” The patient is given their “conditioning”
regimen (chemotherapy or chemo with regimen (chemotherapy or chemo with total body irradiation)total body irradiation)
The patient’s donor is then collected a The patient’s donor is then collected a day or two before the cells are to be givenday or two before the cells are to be given
Donor can be the patient’s sibling, or on Donor can be the patient’s sibling, or on occasion, parent, an unknown donor from occasion, parent, an unknown donor from the NMDP (National Marrow Donor the NMDP (National Marrow Donor Program), or a cord blood Program), or a cord blood
Cord Blood Stem CellsCord Blood Stem Cells
Side Effects of an Allo Side Effects of an Allo TransplantationTransplantation
The same as those listed for chemotherapy. The same as those listed for chemotherapy. TBI (total body irradiation) usually causes TBI (total body irradiation) usually causes
nausea/vomiting, mouth sores, diarrhea, nausea/vomiting, mouth sores, diarrhea, fatigue, and alopeciafatigue, and alopecia
Graft vs. Host DiseaseGraft vs. Host Disease Syndrome where the donor cells “attack” the Syndrome where the donor cells “attack” the
host.host. Manifested as a rash, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, Manifested as a rash, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea,
abdominal cramps, and/or loss of appetiteabdominal cramps, and/or loss of appetite Can affect the eyes, mouth, lungs, liver, kidneys, Can affect the eyes, mouth, lungs, liver, kidneys,
and musclesand muscles
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