cancer and chemotherapy
Post on 22-Jan-2018
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What is Cancer?What is Cancer?
• Cancer begins when an abnormal cell grows & does not stop dividing. Cancerous cells typically divide more quickly than normal, healthy cells. Once cancerous cells begin, they rapidly invade surrounding tissue.
• A progression toward increasing degree of malignancy from multiple numbers of mutations.
• A shift in the control mechanism that governs cell proliferation and differentiation.
2005 est. US Cancer Deaths2005 est. US Cancer DeathsMale FemaleMale Female
• Lung 31%• Prostate 10%• Colon, Rectum 10%• Pancreas 5%• Leukemia 4%• Esophagus 4%
• Lung 27%• Breast 15%• Colon, Rectum 10%• Ovary 6%• Pancreas 6%• Leukemia 4%
9 Avoidable Risk Factors 9 Avoidable Risk Factors Cause 1/3 of Cancer DeathsCause 1/3 of Cancer Deaths
• Smoking• Urban air pollution• Indoor smoke from coal• Obesity and overweight (high fat diets)• Low fruits and vegetable intake• Physical inactivity• Alcohol consumption• Unsafe sex• Contaminated injections in health-care setting
Life’s BuildingLife’s Building Blocks Blocks
• Proteins
• Recombinant
• Process– Cloning
– Harvesting– Incubation
• Economics
Development of CancerDevelopment of Cancer
• Mutations• Genes• Heredity• Sporadic• Familial• Congential
• Sites– Primary
– Secondary
• Solid Tumor• Diffuse Tumor
How Does Cancer Start?How Does Cancer Start?
• Cell mutates causing division instead of resting
• Cells look
different
IN SITU
INVASIVE
What is Chemotherapy?What is Chemotherapy?
• Method of treating cancer using various chemicals administered either IV or PO
• Almost all chemotherapy drugs destroy cancer cells by disrupting the cell cycle
• This stops the cell from proliferating and the cell dies
• Unfortunately, healthy cells die causing nasty side effects
Anti Cancer TreatmentAnti Cancer Treatment
• Early diagnosis
• Surgery
• Radiation
• Chemotherapy
• Palliation
• Hospice Care
The Ideal DrugThe Ideal Drug
• Schedule Agents for cell division and growth cycle
• Cell cycle non-specific drugs
• Cell cycle specific drugs
• Resistance !
CA Drug StudyCA Drug Study
Last Resort – dose,
reactions, reoccurrence
Determine tumor signal,
growth rate, survival rate
How do drugs How do drugs work?work?
Interfere with cell division
Affects DNA-genetic code
* bind wrong AA
* separate helix
Antimetabolites:Fraudulent building blocksIncorporate into normal cells making themNonfunctional or inhibit the normal functionOf a key enzyme
Masquerades as neededingredient
Alkylating Agents —irreversible
cross links DNA so cell cannot reproduce
Topoisonpoisonmerase I inhibitors —lead
to DNA damage Hormones —inhibit adrenal steroids
in target neoplasms (prostate, breast)
Anti Tumor Antibiotics --inhibit
DNA-dependant RNA synthesis or delay mitosis
Biological ResponseModifiers –BRM’sInterferon, Monoclonal Antibodies,Tumor Vaccines, Immunotherapy,Attack tumor, slow growth,Cell Death
Plant Alkaloids —inhibitFormation of spindle fibersDestroy cell division
Genetic EngineeringGenetic Engineering
• Virotherapy– Turning viruses loose on CA cells, invades
tumor without inflicting disease in humans.– Right virus, right place
• Penetrate CA cell, replicate, kill the cells and invade adjacent cells
• Outwit bodies defense mechanism
Bugs in RehabBugs in Rehab
Infectious microbes
like this measles
virus are being
retrained to attack
tumor cells instead
of healthy ones
• C.botulinum the bacterium that causes food poisoning also thrives in O2 deprived depths of tumors, where it delivers a cancer killing toxin
• Salmonella has a natural affinity for tumor cells & is genetically altered to a powerful anticancer agent
• Epstein-Barr a virus
triggers production of killerimmune cells that can bedirected to destroy any number Of differentcancer cells
Therapeutic AgentsTherapeutic Agents
• Alkylating Agents– busulfan (Myleran)
• Antibiotics• Antimetabolites
– flurouracil (Efudex)
– mercapopurine (Purinethol)
– methotrexate
Therapeutic Agents cont.Therapeutic Agents cont.
• Hormones– Bicalutamide
(Casodex)
– Tamoxifen (Nolvadex)
• Nitrogen Mustard– Chlorambucil
(Leukeran)
• Plant Alkaloids
• Miscellaneous– Taxol
• Rescue Agents– Cytoprotectives
• Folic Acid
Complications of Cancer & Complications of Cancer & ChemotherapyChemotherapy
• Pain– Insomnia– Reduced appetite– Fear and anxiety
• Oral Complications– Mucositis/Ulcerations ( Magic Swizzle,
Mouthwash)
• Nausea & Vomiting
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