capter 3 (2)
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CHAPTER 3 ; CHEMICAL FORMULAE AND EQUATION
CHAPTER 3: CHEMICAL FORMULAE AND EQUATIONS
1
CHEMICALFORMULAE
ANDEQUATION
Concepts of relative
atomic mass andrelative molecular
Relationship between thenumber of moles with the
number of particles
Relationship between the
number of moles of a
substance with its mass
Relationship
between the number
of moles of a gaswith its volume
Chemicalformulae
Chemicalequations
1.What is the meaning of
relative atomic mass ?2.What is the meaning of
relative molecular mass?
3.What is the relative
molecular mass for :
i !"#gen
ii $mmonia.
1.What is mole ?
2.What is $vogadro
number ?
3.%ow man#
molecules are there
in 2.& mol
ammonia' (%3?). %ow man# atom
are there in 2.& molammonia' (%3?
1.What is *olar mass.
2.Calculate the molar
mass for +(%)2C!3?3.What is the mass for
1., mol *g! ?
).What is the number of
mole in 22 g carbon
dio"ide?
1.What is *olar
volume ?
2.What is the volume
of
+i 2 mol !2
+ii 1- g !2+iii3.&1 " 1&23 !2
1.What is empirical
formula ?
2.What is molecularormula ?
1.Write the chemical
equation to represent
decomposition process of
calcium carbonate ?
2. Write the chemical
equation to represent the
reaction between
magnesium and o"#gen ?
3. Write the chemical
reaction when sulphuricacid is react with
potassium h#dro"ide ?
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CONCEPT MAPCHAPTER 3: CHEMICAL FORMULAE AND EQUATIONS
CHAPTER 3: CHEMICAL FORMULAE AND EQUATIONS
2
Chemical equation
CHEMICAL FORMULAE
(umber of
moles of a
substance
/mpirical formula *olecular formula
Reactants
0roducts
$vogadro
Constant' ($
(umber of
particles
olume of
gas
*olarvolume
*ass of a
substance
*olar mass
Relative
atomic mass
+R$*
Relative
molecular
mass +R**
Relative
formula mass
+R*
he simplest
formula
he actual
formula
C%2! C
-%
12!
-
contains
needed to
formneeded to
determine
divided into
related to
1 mol is
1 mol is
1 mol is
is classified
into
is is
e"ample e"ample
1 *agnesium atom 2 atom of Carbon12
$r *g 4 2) !R he *g atom is twice as heav# as the carbon12 atom
1512 " 12 2 " 12 4 2)4 2)
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A. RELATIVE ATOMIC MASS AND RELATIVE MOLECULAR MASS
1. Carbon-12 is chosen as a standard to compare the masses of atoms because it is a and can be easily
CHAPTER 3: CHEMICAL FORMULAE AND EQUATIONS
3
R.$.* 4 he average mass of one atom of an element
he mass of an atom of h#drogen
!R
R.$.* 4 he average mass of one atom of an element
1512 " the mass of an atom of Carbon12
R.*.* 4
!R
R.*.* 4
R/6$7/ $!*7C *$88
$(9
R/6$7/ *!6/C6$R *$88
*eaningRelative $tomic *ass' $r+R.$.*
oo
he masses of atom and molecules are ver# small. or e"ample h#drogen is the smallest atom
and the mass of h#drogen atom' % is &.&&& &&& &&& &&& &&& &&& &&& &&1 ) g and the mass of
methane molecule' C%)is &.&&& &&& &&& &&& &&& &&& &&& &22 ) g.
his masses are ver# small and inconvenient to use. 7magine if #ou want to write all those
;eroes ever# time #ou want to do a chemical calculation.
7n practice' chemists do not use these actual masses of atoms and molecules in their calculation.
he# use relative masses. his means the# simpl# compare the masses of atoms and molecules.
he lightest atoms are the h#drogen atom. When the masses of atoms were first compare' the#
were all compare with the mass of one hy!o"en atom. $ nitrogen atom is 1) times as heav# as
a h#drogen atom. 8o nitrogen was said to haveRelative Atomic Mass of 1). Chemists later found that comparing masses of atoms with the mass of a h#drogen atom was not
ver# convenient. 7n 1
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2. The relative atomic mass of an elements is the .....................................................
..
Relative atomic mass of an element =
3. ince relative atomic mass compares the masses of atoms! it does not have any
"i# $o% many times is copper atom he!"e#than t%o helium atom&
'Relative atomic mass (RAM) : $e = () Cu = *( +
olution:,ass of a copper atom = R, of copper,ass of 2 helium atom 2 R, of helium
= *( 2 ( = / times
"ii# $o% many times is $%eatom of silicon heavier than $%eatom of lithium&
'Relative atomic mass: 0i = ) i = 2/ +
"iii# The mass of one atom is ( times larer than the mass of one nitroen atom.Calculate the relative atomic mass of .
'Relative atomic mass: 4 = 1( +
(. The relative molecular of a molecule is the .........................................................
Relative molecular mass of an element =
CHAPTER 3: CHEMICAL FORMULAE AND EQUATIONS
)
Calculate theRelative ,olecular ,ass
5Relative 6ormula ,ass
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7ample of relative molecular masses of some molecular substances:' Relative atomic mass (RAM) : $ = 1 ) C = 12 ) 4 = 1( ) 8 = 1*+
M$&e'( )(*)+%'e Re&+"!e ,$&e'( ,))
9ater! $28 2 R, of $ 1 R, of 8
CHAPTER 3: CHEMICAL FORMULAE AND EQUATIONS
,
/"amples:
=R.$.*> %41' C412' (41)' !41-
1. R.*.* C!2 4 12 @ 2+1- 4 ))
2. R.*.* (%3 4
3. R.*.* C%3C!!% 4
). R.*.* C-%12!- 4
/"amples:
=A.$.*> C412' !41-' (a423' *g42)>$l42B' 8432' Cu4-)
1. R..* *g! 4 2) @ 1- 4 )&
2. R..* Cu8!) 4
3. R..* $l2+C!33 4
). R..* (a282!3 4
*olecular Compound 7onic Compound
Relative molecular mass5Relative formula mass can be
calculated b# adding up the relative atomic mass of all the
atoms that are present in the molecule5formulae.
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= 2"1# 1"1*#= 2 1*= 1-
ulphur dioide! 82 1 R, of 2 R, of 8
,ethane! C$(
;. 7ample of relative formula masses of some ionic substances:M$&e'()(*)+%'e
Che,"'&$#,(&
Re&+"!e $#,(& ,))
odium chloride 4aCl 1 R, of 4a 1 R, of Cl= 1"23# 1"3;.;#
= 23 3;.;= 5-.5
,anesiumsulphate
,8(
mmoniumcarbonate
"4$(#2C83
luminium nitrate l"483#3
Calcium hydroide Ca"8$#2
$ydratedcopper"
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2. The voadro constant! 4is defined as..
3. 8ne mole of substance contains .. particles.
(. Complete the relationship bet%een the number of moles and the number of particles:
C. THE MOLE AND THE MASS OF SUBSTANCES
1. The mass of one mole of any substance is called ..
2. nit for molar mass is ..
3. Complete the follo%in table:E&e,e%+ Re&+"!e ,)) M)) $ 1 ,$& M$ ,))
$elium! $e ( ( ( mol-1
odium! 4a 23
9ater ! $28
mmonia ! 4$3odium chloride! 4aCl
' Relative atomic mass "R,# : $!1 ) 8! 1* ) 4! 1( ) 4a! 23 ) Cl! 3;.; +
;. Complete the relationship bet%een the number of moles and the mass of a substance:
*. 'Relative atomic mass: $ = 1) 4 = 1() 8 =1*) Cl = 3;.;) Ca = (>) n = *; +
i. Calculate the number of mole of :
"a# 2.> calcium! Ca "b# 3.2 goyen as! 82
4umber of mole of Ca= 4umber of mole of 82== .5mol = 000 mol
CHAPTER 3: CHEMICAL FORMULAE AND EQUATIONS
B
N(,*e# $,$&e)
" ($
.
#$%
&%
N(,*e# $,$&e)
,olar mass
.
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"ii# 9hat is the mass of :
"a# >.1 mol ammonia! 4$3& "b# >.2; mol ?inc chloride! nCl2&
,ass of 4$3 = ... ,ass of nCl2 =
= . =
. Calculate the %(,*e# $ ,$&e) found in @.; of manesium chloride! ,Cl2. "Relative atomic mass: ,! 2() Cl! 3;.;#
/. Calculate the ,)) in ram found in >.3 mol of manesium chloride! ,Cl2. "Relative atomic mass: ,! 2() Cl! 3;.;#
@. $o% many 'h&$#"2e "$%) are there in 1@ of manesium chloride! ,Cl2."Relative atomic mass: ,! 2() Cl! 3;.;. voradro constant: *.>2 1>23#
1>. Calculate the ,)) in ram of 3 1>22 units of manesium chloride! ,Cl2."Relative atomic mass: ,! 2() Cl! 3;.;. voradro constant: *.>2 1>23#
D. THE MOLE AND THE VOLUME OF AS
1. The of a as is defined as the volume occupied by one mole of the as.
2. Complete the relationship bet%een the number of moles and the volume of a as:
CHAPTER 3: CHEMICAL FORMULAE AND EQUATIONS
D
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3. Construct a mind map to sho% the relationship bet%een the number of particles! the
number of moles! mass of substances and volume of ases.
(. Aiaram belo% sho%s three balloons filled %ith different as at room conditions.
CHAPTER 3: CHEMICAL FORMULAE AND EQUATIONS
. Record all the mass
Result:8bservations
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"b# 0ist the material and the apparatus that used in this eperiment
,aterial :
pparatus :
"c# Aescribe ho% you can prepare dry hydroen as that is use to react %ith copper"
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"d# 9hat is the colour of :
"i# Copper"
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"ii# Aetermine the empirical formula cf copper"
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Iotassium ion Eromide ion
inc ion
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CHEMICAL FORMULAE AND EQUATIONS = Che,"'& $#,(&e $ "$%"' '$,$(%2)
1.
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7ample : Construct the chemical formula of Copper chloride
olution : 4ame of compound copper"
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Ealancin the chare
4o. of cations and anions as subscribe
Che,"'& $#,(&
/. 9rite the chemical formulae and names for the common ionic compound :
O8"oide#
CO38
"carbonate#SO4
8"sulphate#
C&
"chloride#
Er-
"bromide#
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S(*)+%'e F$#,(&Te $#+"'&e
S(*)+%'e F$#,(&Te $#+"'&e
S(*)+%'e F$#,(&Te $#+"'&e
mmoniumcarbonate
mmonium nitrate
mmoniaas
,anesiumnitrate
ilverchloride
,anesium
$ydrochloricacid
ulphuricacid
inc
Iotassiumoide
4itric acidCopper"
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CHEMICAL EQUATION
Chemical equation is a shorthand description of a chemical reaction.
$ E F @ C
Reactant 0roducts$ @ F E C
Reactants 0roduct
$ @ F E C @ 9
Reactants 0roducts
6ow of conservation of matter : *atter can be neither created nor destro#ed
CHAPTER 3: CHEMICAL FORMULAE AND EQUATIONS
23
CHEMICAL
EQUATION1
7nterpret Chemical
/quation
Writing chemicalequation
(umerical problems
involving chemical
equations.
1. 7dentif# the reactants and the product.
*etal @ !"#gen E *etal o"ide *etal @ Chlorine E *etal chloride *etal @ $cid E 8alt @ %#drogen
*etal carbonate E *etal o"ide @ Carbon dio"ide
*etal carbonate @ $cid E 8alt @ Water @ Carbon dio"ide $cid @ *etal o"ide E 8alt @ Water
$cid @ $lGali E 8alt @ Water
$H @ FI E $I @ FH
2. Write the chemical formulae for the reactant and
the product
3. Falanced the chemical .+he number of atoms oneach side of the equation must be equal5same
8teps to solve numerical problems:1. Write a chemical equation.2. 7dentif# information from the
equation.+e.g: mass' volume
3. 9etermine the number of
mole from the informationgiven.
). Relate5compare the mole ratio
of the related substances,. Convert the number of moles
to mass5volume
/"ample:
When 2& g of calcium carbonate'
CaC!3is heated strongl#'calcium o"ide and carbon dio"ide
is form. Calculate
+a the mass of calcium o"ide
form.+b the volume of carbon dio"ide
produced.
Reactants E 0roducts
/"ample:
Reaction between copper+77 o"ide and h#drochloric acid.
1. Copper+77 o"ide @ %#drochloric acid E Copper+77 chloride @ Water
2 Cu! @ %Cl E CuCl2 @ %2!
3 Cu! @ #%Cl E CuCl2 @ %2!
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or writing s#mbol equations :
1. Iou must Gnow the product of the reaction.
1.1 *etal @ o"#gen E metal o"ide
1.2 (on metal @ o"#gen E non metal o"ide1.3 *etal @ chlorine E metal chloride
1.) *etal carbonate E metal o"ide @ carbon dio"ide
1., *etal @ acid E metal salt @ h#drogen1.- $cid @ alGali E salt @ water
1.B $cid @ base E salt @ water
1.D $cid @ metal carbonate E salt @ carbon dio"ide @ water
1.< $mmonia gas @ h#drogen chloride gas E ammonium chloride1.1& $H+aq @ FI+aq E $I+s @ FH+aq e"ample :
6ead+77 nitrate @ 0otassium iodide E 6ead+77 iodide @ 0otassium nitrate
+colourless solution +colourless solution +#ellow precipitate +colourless solution1.11 *etal nitrate E metal o"ide @ nitrogen dio"ide @ o"#gen
2. Iou must Gnow how to write the reactant and the product in formula form.
3. $ll the elements that appear on the left hand side are also found on the right hand side.
). he number of atoms of each element at both side must be same.+Falance the equation
,. Iou cannot change the formula of the chemical to get the equation to balance.-. he state of reactants and products are represent b# the letter +s for solid' +l for liquid' +g
for gas and +aq for aqueous +dissolved in water
B. Fase on the equations' we can also describe quantitative composition of substances thatinvolved in chemical reactions. he coefficients in a balanced equation tell us the e"act
proportion of reactants and products in chemical reaction. or e"ample base on the
equation below :
#H#,"- 2 O#,"- E # H#O ,l-We can said that :
+i %#drogen gas react with o"#gen gas to produce water+ii %#drogen and o"#gen are the reactants' water is the product.
+iii 2 moles of h#drogen gas react with one mole of o"#gen gas to form 2 moles of
water.
Act**t*es 4o! /!*t*n" chem*cal e5uat*on 6
A. Burning of magnesium ribbon in air(oxygen)
1. Clean 3 cm of magnesium ribbon with sand paper.
2. F# using the tong' burn the magnesium ribbon
CHAPTER 3: CHEMICAL FORMULAE AND EQUATIONS
2)
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3. Write #our observation
!bservation
(ame of reactants
(ame of product
Chemical equation
B. Heating of Copper(II) carbonate
Copper+77
carbonate
1. 0ut one spatula of copper+77 carbonate powder into the test tube.(ote its colour.
2. 8et up the apparatus as shown above.
3. %eat the copper+77 carbonate and pass the gas produced through lime water. Record theobservation.
!bservation
(ame of reactant
(ameof products
Chemical equation
C. Precipitation of lead(II) iodide
6ead+77 0otassium iodide' K7 nitrate' 0b+(!32
1. 0our 2 cm3of lead+77 nitrate solution into a test tube.
2. 0our 2 cm3
of potassium iodide solution into another test tube.3. 0our the potassium iodide solution into the lead+77 nitrate solution and shaGe the mi"ture.
). Record #our observation.
!bservation
(ame of reactants
(ameof products
Chemical equation
CHAPTER 3: CHEMICAL FORMULAE AND EQUATIONS
2,
6ime water %eat
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D. Formation of ammonium cloride
white fume' ammonium chloride
%#drogen chloride gas $mmonia gas
Concentrated h#drochloride acid Concentrated ammonia solution
!bservation
(ame of reactants
(ame of product
Chemical equationF? CHEMICAL EQUATIONS
1. is a shorthand description of a chemical reaction.2. The startin substances are called .3. ...are called products.(.
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d. copper"
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/.
9hat is the mass of ?inc needed to produce 2.( dm3of hydroen as at room conditions &'Relative atomic mass : n! *; ) ,olar volume 2( dm3mol-1 at room conditions+
PAPER 1: OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS
CHAPTER 3: CHEMICAL FORMULAE AND EQUATIONS
2D
n"s#
2$483 "aJ#
n"483#
2 "aJ# $
2 "#
/ atoms of element have the same mass as in 1 atom oftellurium! Te.
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1.
Eased on the statement above! %hat is the relative atomic mass of element &'Relative atomic mass : Te! 12/ +
A /B 1*C 32D *(
8.
9hat is the molecular formula of compound &'Relative atomic mass: C!12) $!1+
A C$2B C2$(C C2$*D C3$*
3. n 2$Cl M nCl2 $2
Eased on the eJuation above! calculate the volume of hydroen as released at roomconditions %hen 1.3 of ?inc po%der reacts %ith ecess hydrochloric acid. ' ,olar volume : 2( dm3mol-1at room conditions! Relative atomic mass: $!1) Cl!
3;.;) n! *;+
A 12> cm3
B 2(> cm3
C 3*> cm3
D (/> cm3
4. hydrocarbon has the empirical formula of C$3%ith a molar mass of 3> mol-1. 9hich ofthe follo%in is the molecular formula of the hydrocarbon&
'Relative atomic mass : $! 1) C!12 +
A C$3B C2$*C C3$@D C($12
5. The eJuation belo% sho%s the chemical eJuation of the combustion of ethanol in
CHAPTER 3: CHEMICAL FORMULAE AND EQUATIONS
2 of carbon reacts %ith >.; of
hydroen as to form compound .
Relative molecular mass of compound
is (2.
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ecess oyen#e$samaa" di %a&a' me"!"!a" *e$samaa" imia %agi *em%aa$a" eta"ol dalamosige" %e$le%i'a"
2C2$;8$ 82 (C82 *$28
9hat is the volume of carbon dioide as released %hen @.2> ethanol reactscompletely&+e$a*aa' isi *ad! gas a$%o" diosida te$%e%as a*a%ila ,-. g eta"ol %e$ti"da %alasle"ga*/
'Relative atomic mass of $ = 1! C = 12! 8 = 1*! 1 mol of as occupies 2( dm3at roomcondition+01isim atom $elati2 H 3 45 C 3 4.5 O 3 465 4 mol o2 gas meme"!'i .7 dm*adaeadaa" %ili8
AB
CD
(./ cm3
@.* cm3
@*.> cm3@*>> cm3
. 9hat is the number of atoms in 1 mol of nitroen dioide as ! 48 2&' voadro constant = *.>2 1>23mol-1+
+e$a*aa' %ila"ga" atom 9a"g te$da*at dalam 1mol gas"it$oge" diosida! 482&'#emala$ Avogad$o 3 *.>2 1>23mol-1+
A 1.;>; 1>23atoms1.;>; 1>23 atom
B *.>2 1>23atoms*.>2 1>23atom
C 1./>* 1>2(atoms1./>* 1>2(atom
D 3.>1 1>2(atoms3.>1 1>2(atom
. The diaram belo% sho%s the volume of oyen as.Raa' di %a&a' me"!"!a" isi*ad! gas osige"-
9hich of the follo%in ases occupies the same volume as the as&
CHAPTER 3: CHEMICAL FORMULAE AND EQUATIONS
3&
12&&&cm3of o"#gen gas12&&&cm3gas oksigen
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' Relative atomic mass: $=1! $e=(! 4=1( and1 mole of as occupies a volume of 2(dm3at room temperature+
A"ta$a gas:gas 9a"g %e$i!t5 9a"g ma"aa' mem*!"9ai isi*ad! 9a"g sama de"ga" gaste$se%!t&' 1isim atom $elati2: $=1! $e=(! 4=1( da"
1 mol gas me"em*ati isi*ad! 2(dm3*ada s!'! %ili+
< 2 of helium as!$e2 gas 'eli!m!$e
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of hydroen as*;g ;i" %e$ti"da %alas de"ga" 12*g asid "it$i me"g'asila"1/@g ;i" "it$atda" 2 gas 'id$oge"
C 1 ?inc atom reacts %ith 2 nitric acid molecule to produce 1 ?inc nitrate moleculeand 1 hydroen as molecule
1atom ;i" %e$ti"da %alas de"ga" 2mole!l asid "it$i me"g'asila" 1mole!l ;i" "it$at da" 1mole!l gas 'id$oge"
D 1 mol of ?inc react %ith 2 mol of nitric acid to produce 1 mol of ?inc nitrate and 2mol of hydroen as1mol ;i" %e$ti"da %alas de"ga" 2mol asid "it$i me"g'asila" 1mol ;i""it$at da" 2mol gas 'id$oge"
9hich of the follo%in fertili?ers contains the hihest percentae of nitroen&'Relative atomic mass: $= 1! 4=1(! 8=1*! l=2! K=3@+
A"ta$a %aa:%aa 9a"g %e$i!t5 9a"g ma"aa' me"ga"d!"gi *e$at!s "it$oge" 9a"g*ali"g ti"ggi&'1isim atom $elati2< $= 1! 4=1(! 8=1*! l=2! K=3@+A 4$(483
B "4$(#28(
C K483
D C8"4$2#2
1 9hen /.3 of a metal oide of is heated %ith carbon! ;.@ of the metal is obtained.9hat is the empirical formula of the metal oide &'Relative atomic mass: 8=1*! =;@+
A*a%ila /.3 g osida logam di*a"asa" de"ga" a$%o"5 ;.@logam te$'asil-A*aa' 2o$m!la em*i$i %agi osida logam te$se%!t&'1isim atom $elati2 < 8=1*! =;@+
A 82B 28C 283
D 382
11 The follo%in eJuation sho%s the decomposition reaction of manesium carbonate salt!%hen heated at room temperature and pressure.
#e$samaa" %e$i!t me"!"!a" ti"da %alas *e"g!$aia" ga$am mag"esi!m a$%o"at5a*a%ila di*a"asa" *ada s!'! da" tea"a" %ili
,C83 ,8 C82
CHAPTER 3: CHEMICAL FORMULAE AND EQUATIONS
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9hat is the mass of manesium carbonate are needed to produce 2.> of manesiumoide&
+e$a*aa' isim mag"esi!m a$%o"at 9a"g di*e$l!a" !"t! me"g'asila" 2.>mag"esi!m osida&-
'Relative atomic mass: C= 12! 8= 1*! ,= 2(+'1isim atom $elative < C= 12! 8= 1*! ,= 2( +
A >.>;
B >.(/
C 2.>>
D (.2>
18. The chemical eJuation sho%s the burnin process of ethene in ecess air.
9hat is the maimum volume of carbon dioide as evolved %hen >.; mole of etheneburns completely&'1 mole of as occupied 2( dm3at room temperature and pressure+
A 12 dm3
B 2( dm3
C 3* dm3
D (/ dm3
13. Aecomposition by heat of lead"
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33
C2$("# 382 2C82"# 2$28"l#
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14. The chemical formula for lucose is C*$128*. This sho%s that
< the empirical formula for lucose is C$2823mol-1
A < and 15. 9hat is the percentae by mass of nitroen content in urea! C8"4$2# 2 &se the information that the relative atomic mass of C = 12 ! 4 =1(! $=1and 8 = 1*
A 23.3 GB 31./ GC (*. GD *3.* G
1.
9hich of the follo%in conclusions can be dra%n from the above statement&
< 1 mol of 9 has / times more atoms than 1 mol of L
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PAPER 8 : SECTION A
1. Aiaram 1 sho%s the set up of the apparatus used in an eperiment to determine theempirical formula of an oide of copper
A
,ass of combustion tube porcelain dish oide of copper = ;3.3>
,ass of combustion tube porcelain dish copper = (.>
"a# 9hat is meant by empirical formula&
.......................................................................................................................................
CHAPTER 3: CHEMICAL FORMULAE AND EQUATIONS
3,
Ary hydroenas
$eat
8ide of copper
Eurnin of ecess
hydroen
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.......................................................................................................................................'1ma$+
"a# 9rite the chemical eJuation for the reaction used to produce hydroen as.
....................................................................................................................................
'1ma$+"c # Eased on the data iven!
"i# Calculate the mass of copper and the mass of oyen contained in the sample of oideof copper.
,ass of copper .....................................................
,ass of oyen .....................................................'2ma$s+
"ii # Calculate the mol ratio of copper to oyen. Fiven that the relative atomic mass of 8 = 1*! Cu= *(
'2 ma$s+
"iii# 9rite the empirical formula of the oide of copper.
...........................................................................................................................'1 ma$+
"iv# 9rite the chemical eJuation for the reaction bet%een hydroen and the oideof copper.
...........................................................................................................................'1 ma$+
"c# The empirical formula for manesium oide can be determined by direct heatin of
manesium. Ara% the set up of the apparatus to carry out this eperiment.
CHAPTER 3: CHEMICAL FORMULAE AND EQUATIONS
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'2 ma$s+
8. The follo%in eJuation is not balanced :
4a28( EaCl2 Ea8( 4aCl
"a#
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' 2 ma$s+
"d#
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"ii# 9hat is the molar mass of aspirin&' Relative atomic mass: $! 1) C!12) 8!1*+
' 1 ma$+
"b# Aiaram 3.2 sho%s the structural formula of vitamin C.
Aiaram 3.2
"i# 9rite do%n the molecular formula and empirical formula of vitamin C.' Relative atomic mass: $! 1) C!12) 8!1*+
,olecular formula : ..
7mpirical formula : ..' 2 ma$s+
"ii# 9hat is the difference bet%een the molecular formula and empirical formula of vitaminC&
.
.' 2 ma$s+
"iii# Calculate the mass of >.2 mole of vitamin C.
CHAPTER 3: CHEMICAL FORMULAE AND EQUATIONS
3./
4umber of mole+ila"ga" mol
32
.
CHAPTER 3: CHEMICAL FORMULAE AND EQUATIONS
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,ole RatioNis%a' mol
. >.>;
implest RatioNis%a' te$i"gas
2 .
7mpirical formulaFo$m!la em*i$i
I28;
Balue of Nilai = =
'7 ma$s+ "ii# The relative molecular mass of phosphorus oide is 2/(! determine the molecular
formula of phosphorus oide.
1isim mole!l $elati2 2os2o$!s osida iala' .?75 te"t!a" 2o$m!la mole!l 2os2o$!s
osida
se this formula! ,olecular formula = "7mpirical 6ormula#n! %here n is an inteer
!"a $!m!s i"i5Fo$m!la mole!l 3 (Fo$m!la em*i$ic)"5 dima"a " adala' "om%o$ %!lat
'. ma$s+
"b# Aiaram ( sho%s the structural formula of vitamin E* molecules %hich is used inmedication.
Raa' 7 me"!"!a" 2o$m!la st$!t!$ mole!l vitami" +69a"g dig!"aa" dalam %ida"g*e$!%ata"-
"Relative atomic mass: $=1! C=12! 4=1(! 8=1*# (1isim atom $elati2
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Aiaram (Raa' 7
"i# 9rite the molecular formula of vitamin E*T!lisa" 2o$m!la mole!l vitami" +6
'4 ma$+
"ii# Aetermine the relative molecular mass of vitamin E*Te"t!a" isim mole!l $elati2 vitami" +6
...'4 ma$+
"iii# capsule contains >.1;; ram of vitamin E*. Calculate the number of moles of vitaminE*molecules present in the capsule.Se%ii a*s!l me"ga"d!"gi >-4@@ g$am vitami" +6- Hit!"ga" %ila"ga" mol mole!lvitami" +69a"g 'adi$ di dalam se%ii a*s!l-
...
...
'4 ma$+
"iv# Calculate the number of molecules of vitamin E*molecules that present in b "iii# Hit!"ga" %ila"ga" mole!l vitami" +69a"g ada di dalam % (iii)
"4= * 1>23mole-1#
'4 ma$+
CHAPTER 3: CHEMICAL FORMULAE AND EQUATIONS
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PAPER 8 : SECTION B
1."a# Table 1 sho%s the empirical formula and molecular formula of lucose.
1ad!al 4 me"!"!a" 2o$m!la em*i$i da" 2o$m!la mole!l %agi gl!osa-
7mpirical 6ormula DFo$m!la em*i$i C$28
,olecular 6ormula DFo$m!la mole!l
C*$128*
Table D 1ad!al1
Ey usin information in Table 1! compare and contrast empirical formula and molecularformula for lucose molecule in terms of type of elements! number of atom for eachelement and relative mass.
De"ga" me"gg!"aa" 1ad!al 45 %a"di"g da" %e;aa" 2o$m!la em*i$i da" 2o$m!lamole!l gl!osa di atas da$i segi e"is !"s!$5 %ila"ga" atom setia* !"s!$ da" isim $elati2-'Relative atomic mass D 1isim Atom Relati2: C! 12 ) $! 1) 8! 1*+
' 3 ma$s +
"b# student carried out an eperiment to determine the empirical formula of an oide ofmetal L. L is placed belo% hydroen in the reactivity series. The set O up of the apparatus
is sho%n in Aiaram 1.1.
Seo$a"g *elaa$ tela' me"ala"a" sat! es*e$ime" !"t! me"e"t!a" 2o$m!la em*i$isat! osida logam Q- Q %e$ada di %a&a' 'id$oge" dalam Si$i Be$eati2a"- S!s!"a" $adasdit!"!a" dalam Raa' 1.1-
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Aiaram D Raa'1.1
Result D Be*!t!sa":
,ass of combustion tube porcelain dish = 3/.;> 1isim ti!% *em%aa$a" *i$i"g *o$seli"
,ass of combustion tube porcelain dish oide of metal L = ;>.(;1isim ti!% *em%aa$a" *i$i"g *o$seli" osida logam L
,ass of combustion tube porcelain dish metal L = (/./;1isim ti!% *em%aa$a" *i$i"g *o$seli" logam L
"i# Eased on the information above! determine the empirical formula for oide of metal L.+e$dasa$a" mal!mat di atas te"t!a" 2o$m!la em*i$i %agi osida logam L-
. 'Relative atomic mass Disim atom $elati2 : L! 2>) 8! 1*+
' 3 ma$s+
"ii# 9rite the chemical eJuation for the reaction in the eperiment.
T!lisa" *e$samaa" imia %agi ti"da %alas dalam es*e$ime"-
'2 ma$s+
"iii# tate t%o precaution steps that need to be taHen %hen carry out this eperiment.
N9ataa" dua la"ga' %e$aga:aga 9a"g *e$l! diam%il semasa me"ala"a"es*e$ime" i"i-
'2 ma$s+
"iv# $o% can you be sure that the reactions are completed in the above eperiment&
CHAPTER 3: CHEMICAL FORMULAE AND EQUATIONS
))
8ide of metal L DOsida logam Q
Iorcelain dishD
#i$i"g *o$seli"
$eat D #a"asa"
6lo% of dryhydroen D
Ali$a" 'id$oge"
e$i"g
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+agaima"aa' a"da %ole' *astia" %a'a&a ti"da %alas tela' le"ga* dalames*e$ime" di atas/
'1 ma$+
"c# ,etal , is placed above aluminium in the reactivity series.
Nou are reJuired to carry out an eperiment to determine the empirical formula of oideof metal ,. Ara% a labelled diaram for the set O up of the apparatus of this eperiment.
Logam M te$leta di atas al!mi"i!m dalam si$i e$eati2a"-A"da die'e"dai me"ala"a" sat! es*e$ime" !"t! me"e"t!a" 2o$m!la em*i$iosida logam M- L!isa" $aa' %e$la%el s!s!"a" $adas !"t! es*e$ime" i"i-
'2 ma$s+
"d# 2$2"# 82"# 2$28"l#
"i# tate three important information that can be interpreted from the above chemical
eJuation.
N9ataa" tigamal!mat *e"ti"g 9a"g da*at dita2si$a" da$i*ada *e$samaa" imia diatas-
'3 ma$s+
"ii# Eased on the chemical eJuation above! calculate the volume of hydroen as at roomcondition reJuired to produce 1> of %ater.
+e$dasa$a" *e$samaa" imia di atas5 'it!"ga" isi*ad! gas 'id$oge" *ada eadaa"%ili 9a"g di*e$l!a" !"t! me"g'asila" 1> ai$-
'Relative atomic mass Disim atom $elati2: $! 1) 8! 1* ) ,olar volume of as at roomcondition D isi*ad! mola$ gas *ada eadaa" %ili.= 2( dm3+
'( ma$s+
8. "a# Table 2 sho%s the incomplete observation for t%o eperiments to constructbalanced chemical eJuation.
1ad!al . me"!"!a" *eme$'atia" 9a"g tida le"ga* %agi d!a es*e$ime"!"t! mem%i"a *e$samaa" imia 9a"g seim%a"g-
7perimentEs*e$ime"
Irocedure#$osed!$
8bservation#eme$'atia"
Copper"
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"i# Aetermine the empirical formula of substance .'Fiven that the relative atomic mass of C = 12 ! $ = 1+
Te"t!a" 2o$m!la em*i$i %agi se%atia" 0Di%e$i isim atom $elati2 C 3 4. 5 H 3 48
"ii# Aetermine the molecular formula of substance .
Te"t!a" 2o$m!la mole!l %agi %a'a" -
"iii# Eased on the ans%ers in "a#"i# and "a#"ii# ! compare andcontrast the empirical formula and the molecular formula.
+e$dasa$a" a&a*a" dalam (a)(i) da" (a)(ii)5 %a"di"g da"%e;aa" 2o$m!la em*i$i da" 2o$m!la mole!l.
' / ma$s+
PAPER 8 : SECTION C
1 "a# Aiaram 1 sho%s the set up of the apparatus to determine the empirical formula ofoide of metal ,. , is less reactive than hydroen.Diag$am 4 me"!"!a" s!s!"a" $adas !"t! me"e"t!a" 2o$m!la em*i$i osida
logam M- M !$a"g $eati2 da$i*ada 'id$oge"
D"6#, 1Rajah 1
CHAPTER 3: CHEMICAL FORMULAE AND EQUATIONS
)B
9ilute h#drochloric
acid
Asid hidroklorik
cair
histle funnel
Corong tisel
H
Heat
Panaskan
!"ide of metal *
Oksida logam M9r# h#drogen
Hidrogen kering
0art $
Bahagian A0art F
Bahagian B
0art CBahagian C
Linc
Zink
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"i# tate t%o precautions that must be taHen in Iart %hile carryin out theeperiment.N9ataa" d!a la"ga' %e$aga:aga 9a"g *e$l! diam%il di +a'agia" Asemasa me"ala"a" es*e$ime" te$se%!t/
'2 ma$s+
"ii# uest a suitable chemical substance for in Iart E and state thefunction of .Cada"ga" sat! %a'a" imia 9a"g ses!ai %agi di +a'agia" + da""9ataa" 2!"gsi -
'2 ma$s+
"iii# Aescribe the reaction that occurs in Iart C.H!$aia" ti"da %alas 9a"g %e$la! di +a'agia" C-
'2 ma$s+
"iv# +'1isim atom $elati2 8 =1* ! , = 2> +
'( ma$s+
"b# The information belo% is about hydrocarbon PMal!mat di %a&a' adala' %e$aita" de"ga" 'id$oa$%o" 1
CHAPTER 3: CHEMICAL FORMULAE AND EQUATIONS
)D
,ass of combustion tube porcelain dish = ;2.3( 1isim ta%!"g *em%aa$a" *i$i"g *o$seli"
,ass of combustion tube porcelain dish oide of , = 1>;./* 1isim ta%!"g *em%a$a" *i$i"g *o$sli" osida M
,ass of combustion tube porcelain dish , = 1>2.>2 1isim ta%!"g *em%aa$a" *i$i"g *o$seli" M
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7mpirical formula of P is C$2Fo$m!la em*i$i 1 iala' CH.
,ass of 1 mole of P = 2/
1isim 4 mol 1 3 .? g
Iroduce by dehydration of alcohol
Di'asila" melal!i *e"de'id$ata" alo'ol
"i# Aetermine the molecular formula for hydrocarbon P.'Relative atomic mass of C =12 ! $ = 1 +Te"t!a" 2o$m!la mole!l %agi 'id$oa$%o" 1'1isim atom $elati2 C =12 ! $ = 1 +
'2 ma$s+
"ii# Aescribe an eperiment to prepare hydrocarbon P in the laboratory from itscorrespondin alcohol.
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