capturing traits providing heat stress tolerance in wheat ... · heat tolerance the work on...

Capturing traits providing heat stress tolerance           in wheat using precision phenotyping

Indu Sharma and Ratan TiwariDWR, Karnal, Haryana, India

3rd Int. Plant Phenotyping Symposium organized by MSSRF, Chennai,Session 1: Breeding for novel traits, 17.2.2014

World’s population swells to ~ 9.6 billion in 2050

Global food demand to rise by ~ 14 % each decade

More rainfall: Ladakh, Andhra Pradesh Maharashtra

Reduced rainfall: Gujarat, Orissa, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand

72,15 68,64 69,35 75,81 78,57 80,68 80.80 86,87 94.88 92,460500100015002000250030003500

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Area, Production and Yield of Wheat in India

Years showing dip in the yield due to climatic fluctuations  

Issues in Wheat growing zones

CZ: Drought & heatImproved varietiesBalanced fertilizerBrown & black rusts,foot rot & leaf blightFarm mechanization PZ: Drought and heat

Improved varietiesBalanced use of fertilizerBrown and black rustFarm mechanization

NWPZ: Yeld plateauYellow rustSoil health - residue managementImbalanced fertilizerGrain qualityMalt and feed quality of barley

NWPZ: Yeld plateauYellow rustSoil health - residue managementImbalanced fertilizerGrain qualityMalt and feed quality of barley NEPZ: Varietal replacement

Timely sowing & input availability Heat stress, salinity, waterloggingLeaf blightLack of irrigation facilitiesFarm mechanizationPoor marketing

NEPZ: Varietal replacementTimely sowing & input availability Heat stress, salinity, waterloggingLeaf blightLack of irrigation facilitiesFarm mechanizationPoor marketing

Stripe rustPowdery mildew

Wheat improvement achieved:

Through Conventional Means

Present scenario:

Integration of molecular techniques

New Approaches (Marker Intensive) :Genome Wide Association Studies (GWAS)Genomic or Genome Wide Selection (GS) 

Marker Types:SNPsResequencing (Reference genome required)

Genotyping‐by‐Sequencing (GBS) ‐ Reference genome not essential

New Approaches and New Marker Types for Crop Improvement

Genotyping is relatively fast; Genome sequencing advancing

Phenotyping is still time consuming & labour intensive

Technological advances essential for high throughput 

phenotyping

Phenotyping of wheat material for agronomic and yield traits in India based on:

Multilocation evaluation across diverse agroclimatic conditions

Sowing at different period from end Oct. to early Jan. at an interval of 15-20 days

Evaluation under irrigated and rainfed situations

Additionally, evaluation of wheat materials for biotic stresses:

under artificial inoculation conditions

Diversity in Agroclimatic conditions In wheat growing zones

Central ZoneHot, semi‐arid, medium and deep black soil, growing period : 90‐150 days

Peninsular ZoneHot, arid, red and black soil, growing period <90 days

North Western Plains ZoneHot, semi‐arid region with alluvium derived soils, growing period : 90‐150 days

North Eastern Plains ZoneHot, sub‐humid, alluvium derived soil, growing period : 150‐180 days

Northern Hill ZoneWarm subhumid zone, brown forest Podzolic soilsGrowing period: 180‐210 days

32.00C 12.30C 108d

30.90C  12.40C  114d

28.30C 13.80C  117d

27.00C  11.10C  137d

20.90C 5.30C  169d

Temperature variations from flowering and subsequent four weeks alongwith mean days to maturity of wheat across zones

Creating Karnal bunt epiphytotics

Creating Rust epiphytotics

Screening facilities for biotic stress tolerance / resistance

D.W.R Flowerdaled, Shimla, H.P

D.W.R Karnal

I.A.R.I , Wellington, T N

Abiotic stresses mainly focussing:

For rain fed situations and “Heat”

Screening facilities developed in India

Screening of germplasm for drought tolerance in wheat under AICW & BIP initiated 

1977‐78:Formulation of National Drought Screening Nursery (NDTSN)

1984‐85:Constituted National Heat Tolerance Screening Nursery (NHTSN) 

Since 2000‐2001:Efforts being made to identify superior genotypes for particular traits under heat stress

Phytotron at IARI

Abiotic stresses: Screening facilities

Rainout Shelter (CAZRI, NBPGR, ICAR-NEH)

Micro-plot or screening of wheat genotypes under varying concentration of salt stress

Phenotyping facilities for drought tolerance

Rainout shelter

Evaluating the performance of wheat genotypes for root traits

New Initiatives towards precision phenotyping

Phenotyping ‐ Overcoming Bottlenecks

Quantifying stripe rust reaction in wheat using remote sensing based handheld NDVI sensor

NDVI computed from reflectance measurements in red (~660nm)& near infrared (around 780nm)portion of spectrum

Displays value in range of 0.00 to 0.99

Mean NDVI values : 0.64 to 0.76

Regression equation for Corrected NDVI vs AUDPC: NDVI=0.738 +‐7.061E‐5(AUDPC)t

Correlation (r2 ) value = 0.69

A new precision planting equipment developed at the DWR

• Hand Sowing• Precision ‐ 40.96

• Dibbling Method• Precision ‐ 83.71

• Drill Method • Precision ‐ 60.05 

Reduced Coefficient of Variation 

Field Phenotyping: Emphasis on Enhanced precision

Experiment planted at DWR using precision planting method

Field Phenotyping‐DWR

Precision planting Vs Conventional Sowing

Precise phenotyping facility for heat tolerance

Average daily temperature under Ambient and Controlled Phenotyping Facility(15th February to 18th March, 2013)

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TCPFAmb.

Cluster analysis of 120 wheat genotypes using seven different yield traits

Terminal heat stress of 50C above ambient temperature 

(under Temperature Controlled Phenotyping Facility)

Without heat stress (normal field conditions)

Heat sensitive genotypeHeat tolerant genotype

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Harvest Index

Comparative performance of contrasting  genotypes under natural field                      and Temperature Controlled phenotyping conditions (TCPF) 

A land with several agro‐ecologies 

Trained Human resourcesand infrastructures 

for phenotyping available

Traits for better understanding of abiotic stress tolerance in Wheat

Root Architecture Early Vigor Carbon Isotope Discrimination Stomatal Conductance Canopy Temperature Flowering Time Abscisic Acid Concentration Osmotic Adjustment Chlorophyll Concentration, Stay-Green, and

Delayed Leaf Senescence Remobilization of stored assimilates Photosynthesis/Photorespiration Wax Estimation Pollen Viability

Root Architecture Early Vigor Carbon Isotope Discrimination Stomatal Conductance Canopy Temperature Flowering Time Abscisic Acid Concentration Osmotic Adjustment Chlorophyll Concentration, Stay-Green, and

Delayed Leaf Senescence Remobilization of stored assimilates Photosynthesis/Photorespiration Wax Estimation Pollen Viability

Measuring Techniques Relevant for Drought and Salinity Research

Colour ImagingBiomass,  Structure,  PhenologyLeaf Health (Chlorosis,  Necrosis)

Near Infrared ImagingTissue water contentSoil water content

Far Infrared ImagingCanopy/Leaf temperature

Fluorescence ImagingPhysiological state of photosynthetic machinery

Automated weighing & watering

Additional Traits for Wheat Improvement

Biofortification Traits Grain Phytate concentration

Gluten Sensitivity (celiac disease) High Molecular Weight Glutenin(HMW‐GS) Low Molecular Weight Glutenin(LMW‐GS)

Pre‐harvest sprouting tolerance Falling Number(FN)

Salinity tolerance Na+/K+ Discrimination

Strategy to enhance precision phenotyping for stress conditions

Screening of very large set of

genotypes

at hot spots requiring very

low input

Data acquisition in controlled 

environment parameters 

at specific crop stage but having bigger 

plot size

Intensive multidimensional repeated data 

acquisition taking few samples already identified through                    1 & 2 ‐ Phenomics

1 2 3

Finally accepting realities and raising the bar –

Precision Phenotyping

• Climate is changing: no doubts• Abiotic & Biotic stresses dynamic & influenced by climate• Phenotyping methods evolved and rapidly in recent past• Innovative precision phenotyping mechanism developedIndia: A potential hub for multidimensional precise phenotyping

Including suggested planting strategy for enhanced precision phenotyping for stress conditions

Acknowledgements

• Ms. Manjeet Kaur

• Mr. Girish Ch. Pandey and Davinder Sharma

• Drs. Mamrutha H.M. and Sonia Sheoran

• Drs. Sewa Ram and MS Saharan

• Drs N.K. Singh and J. Rane

• Organizers of the 3rd IPPS and MS SwaminathanFoundation 

• Indian Council of Agricultural Research 

Creating Karnal bunt epiphytotics

Creating Rust epiphytotics

Screening facilities for biotic stress tolerance / resistance

D.W.R Flowerdaled, Shimla, H.P

D.W.R Karnal

I.A.R.I , Wellington, T N

National Phytotron Facility established at IARI

Screening Facilities

Rainout Shelter (CAZRI, NBPGR, ICAR-NEH)

Micro-plot facility for screening of wheat genotypes under controlled conditions of salt stress

Phenotyping facilities for drought tolerance

Rainout shelter

Evaluating the performance of wheat genotypes for morpho-physiological traits

Heat ToleranceThe work on screening of germplasm for drought resistance in wheat under AICW & BIP was initiated during 1977‐78 with the formulation of ‘National Drought Screening Nurseries’

1984‐85   National Heat Tolerance Screening Nursery (NHTSN) was conducted 

Since 2000‐2001 efforts are being made to identify superior genotypes for particular traits under heat stress

Genotyping is relatively fast; Genome sequencing advancing

Phenotyping is still time consuming & labour intensive

Technological advances essential for high throughput 

phenotyping

New Approaches (Marker Intensive) :Genome Wide Association Studies (GWAS)Genomic or Genome Wide Selection (GS) 

Marker Types:SNPsResequencing (Reference genome required)

Genotyping‐by‐Sequencing (GBS) ‐ Reference genome not essential

New Approaches and New Marker Types for Crop Improvement

New Initiatives towards precision phenotyping

Phenotyping ‐ Overcoming Bottlenecks

Quantifying stripe rust reaction in wheat using remote sensing based handheld NDVI sensor

NDVI computed from reflectance measurements in red (~660nm)& near infrared (around 780nm)portion of spectrum

Displays value in range of 0.00 to 0.99

Mean NDVI values : 0.64 to 0.76

Regression equation for Corrected NDVI vs AUDPC: NDVI=0.738 +‐7.061E‐5(AUDPC)t

Correlation (r2 ) value = 0.69

A new precision planting equipment developed at the DWR

• Hand Sowing

• Precision –40.96

• Dibbling Method

• Precision‐83.71

• Drill Method 

• Precision–60.05