car manufacturer history
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Welcome to our presentation about the evolution
of management theories
This cartoon made in 1948 was sponsored by the A. P. Sloan Foundation
• Few workmen • Very Skilled and qualified • Customized cars • Workman :– Director– Manufacturer – Salesman
Disadvantages
• Manufacturing costs extremely high
• Maintenance and repair costs very high
• No Research and Development
Henri Fayol (1841-1925)
• One of the most influential contributors to modern concepts of management
• Father of modern operational management theory
• General and Industrial Management (1916)
Biography
• Educated at “Ecole des Mines” in St. Etienne• Almost 60 years of experience as an engineer
and Director at “Houilleres de Commentry”• 1916: Publication of “General and Industrial
Management”
Theory
• Fayol’s theory holds that there are five primary functions of management:
(1) Planning:
(2) Organizing:
(3) Commanding:
(4) Coordinating:
(5) Controlling:
Theory
• Modern management theories (e.g. Richard Daft) have reduced the five functions to four:
(1) Planning
(2) Organizing
(3) Leading
(4) Controlling
The Classical School of Management
Taylorism
Taylor : a Quaker!• Principles 1:
Replace rule-of-thumb work methods with methods based on a scientific study of the tasks.
• « the natural instinct and tendency of men is to take it easy » F.W.TAYLOR
• Principle 2• Scientifically select, train, and develop each employee rather than
passively leaving them to train themselves. • « they sould...do what they are told to do promptly and without
asking questions or making suggestions » F.W. TAYLOR
Taylorism
• Principle 3• Provide "Detailed instruction and supervision of each worker in
the performance of that worker's discrete task".
• Principle 4• Divide work nearly equally between managers and workers, so
that the managers apply scientific management principles to planning the work and the workers actually perform the tasks.
• « The Work of every workman is fully planned out by the management , each man receive complete written instructions ,... This task specifies not only what is to be done but also how it is to be done and the exact time allowed for doing it » F.W. TAYLOR
Henry Ford (1863-1947)
• Father of modern assembly lines
• Mass production
• Model T automobile
• Prolific inventor (161 U.S. patents)
Philosophy of Fordism• Widespread prosperity and rise corporate profits
How ?• High wages allow the workers to purchase the output they
produce. The idea : Convert workers into customers
Division of labor • Distinctive division of labor allows complex tasks to be
divided into several simple and repetitive one.
• Skilled labor is no more needed in the production.
Standardisation -Major issue of custom made cars : Each producers have their own parts and components. (even not the same metric system)
-Ford invented a process to directly shape parts out of a quenched steel block.
-Hand-made steel parts have to be recalibrate after beeing quenched.
Optimize the working space• Typically similar machinery
are installed one next to another.
• Ford rearrange them into the correct sequence to follow the production patern.
• Various parts of the production process are linked together by a moving conveyor belt : "Bring the work to the workers."
DisadvantagesAdvantages
• A pure product of the MIT…
– Graduated in electrical engineering in 1895, at 20
– Member of ΔΥ fraternity
– Founded in 1950 the School of Industrial Management
Alfred P. Sloan (1875-1966)
… & A selfmade man,1937-1956
1923-1946
1918
1916
1899
1895
Sloan’s Management approach
• Establishing annual styling changes
• Impeding alternative transports to car
• Pricing discrimination
• Market segmentation
Sloan’s Marketing approach
planned obsolescence
monopolysing
Sloan’s pricing discrimination
Quantity
Pric
e /
Qua
lity
Supplyer
Consumer
Mkt $!
15 Brands#1 Manufacturer for 76 Years 1930-2006The 25 Millionth car in 1945The 50 Millionth car in 1955The 75 Millionth car in 1962The 100 Millionth car in 1967#2 Manufacturer in 2007 after
Toyota Production System• A production system was developed between
1948 and 1975 for Toyota Motor company by:
– Taiichi Ohno,
– Shigeo Shingo
– Eiji Toyoda
• Difficulties for the company : – Small market with high competition– Poor consumers
Aim• Eliminate all muni, mura, muda (overburden,
inconsistency, waste) from the operation to stay competitive.
Toyota Production System House
Just in time production• Created by the founder of Toyota : Sakichi
Toyoda, his son Kiichiro Toyoda and the engineer Taiichi Ohno.
• Based on the 7 wastes:– over-production– motion (of operator or machine)– waiting (of operator or machine)– conveyance– processing itself– inventory (raw material)– correction (rework and scrap)
Jidoka• TPS emphasizes the participation of all
employees.• Toyota organized their workers by forming
teams • Each team has a leader who also works on the
line• Teams are responsible for :– Training to do many specialized tasks. – Housekeeping and minor equipment repair.
• Product defects must be discovered as soon as possible.
• Workers are responsible for the discover of defects.
• Workers are able to stop the entire line by pulling a cord (Jidoka).
• Workers are controlling machine’s work.
Jidoka
• Global Warming• Financial crisis• Energy crisis• Unemployment• …
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