cardiovascular physiology
Post on 17-Dec-2014
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CARDIAC OUTPUT - amount of blood pumped into the
aorta by the heart each minute. - overall blood flow in the total circulation of an adult person at rest 5000 ml/min
TOTAL PERIPHERAL RESISTANCE ∆P from the systemic arteries to the systemic veins ~
100mmHg. resistance of the entire systemic circulation, TPR ~ 100/100,or 1 PRU Ex. Pulmo circulation – mean PAP 16mmHg, mean LA P 2mmHg ∆P = 14mmHg ∆P / CO (100ml/sec) Total PVR = 0.14 PRU
CONDUCTANCE a measure of the blood flow
through a vessel for a given pressure difference.
ml/sec/mmHg
blood pressure = force exerted by the blood against any unit area of the vessel wall
measured in mmHg (millimeters mercury)
1 mmHg pressure = 1.36 cm water pressure specific gravity of mercury is 13.6 times that of water
1 cm is 10 x > 1 mm.
1.The rate of blood flow to each tissue of the body is almost always precisely controlled in relation to the tissue need.
2.The cardiacoutput is controlled mainly by the sum of all the local tissue flows.
3.In general the arterial pressure is controlled independently of either local blood flow control or cardiac output control.
Nervous signals ↑inotropy
constriction of venous reservoir
constriction of small arterioles
Long-term renal mechanisms hormone release
Systolic P 120
Diastolic P 80
35 O mmHg 10
33cm/sec
0.3mm/sec
Systolic P 25mmHg
Diastolic P 8mmHg
7mmHg
•Adding more blood vessels to a circuit reduces the total vascular resistance. •Many parallel blood vessels,however,make it easier for blood to flow through the circuit because each parallel vessel provides another pathway,or conductance,for blood flow. •Total conductance (Ctotal) for blood flow is the sum of the conductance of each parallel pathway
fourth power law makes it possible for the arterioles,responding with only small changes in diameter to nervous signals or local tissue chemical signals, either to turn off almost completely the blood flow to the tissue or at the other extreme to cause a vast increase in flow.
(impedement to blood flow)
(pressure difference bet 2 ends of the vessel)
Laminar flow velocity of flow in the center of the vessel is far greater than that toward the outer edges.
= “parabolic profile for velocity of blood flow.” Turbulent flow blood flows crosswise in the vessel as well as
along the vessel, usually forming whorls in the blood called eddy currents.
Reynolds’ number and is the measure of the tendency for turbulence to occur.
Conditions appropriate for turbulence to occur:
(1) high velocity of blood flow (2) pulsatile nature of the flow (3) sudden change in vessel diameter (4) large vessel diameter
Reynold’s number ∝ velocity, diameter, density
1/ ∝ viscosity
Acute control local vasodilation or vasoconstriction
Long-term control increase or decrease in physical sizes and numbers of blood vessels
Decrease in oxygen
Release of Vasodilators (adenosine, CO2, adenosine phosphate compounds, histamine, K ions and H ions)
Metabolic vs Myogenic Theory
↑ ↑ arterial P
↑ ↑ blood flow
↑ ↑ O2/nutrients
Vasoconstriction
↓ blood flow to N despite ↑ P
sudden stretch of small blood vessels
vessel smooth
muscle contraction
Vasoconstriction
↓ blood flow to N
Prolonged increase in metabolism
Change in Oxygen tension
Formation of vascular growth factors
ANGIOGENIC FACTORS Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF),
fibroblast growth factor, angiogenin
ANGIOGENESIS Change in the amount of vascularity of the tissues
VASOCONSTRICTORS Vasopressin / ADH pituitary Norepinephrine nerve endings Epinephrine Endothelin damaged blood vessels Angiotensin II kidney Calcium ions Slight increase in H ions Carbon dioxide in vessels
VASODILATORS
blood & tissue fluids
Bradykinin
Damaged tissue (mast cells) Blood (basophils)
Histamine
Potassium ions
Magnesium ions
Hydrogen ions
Anions (acetate/citrate)
Carbon dioxide in brain
blood pressure = force exerted by the blood against any unit area of the vessel wall
measured in mmHg (millimeters mercury)
1 mmHg pressure = 1.36 cm water pressure specific gravity of mercury is 13.6 times that of water
1 cm is 10 x > 1 mm.
CARDIAC OUTPUT = Heart Rate X Stroke Volume CO = HR (75/min) x SV (70ml/beat) = 5.25L/min
Stroke volume = End diastolic volume – End systolic volume
SV= EDV (120ml) – ESV (50ml) = 70ml/beat
Factors affecting SV – preload, afterload and contractility
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