cardiovascular system
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Cardiovascular SystemCardiovascular System
BloodBlood
The HeartThe Heart
Blood Vessels & Blood Vessels & CirculationCirculation
BloodBlood
IntroductionIntroduction Functions of BloodFunctions of Blood Blood CompositionBlood Composition PlasmaPlasma Formed ElementsFormed Elements HemostasisHemostasis
The BloodThe Blood
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IntroductionIntroduction
• Circulatory System ComponentsCirculatory System Components
• Circulatory System FunctionsCirculatory System Functions
• Functions of BloodFunctions of Blood
Learning ObjectivesLearning Objectives
• Circulatory SystemCirculatory System:: Explain how the cardiovascular Explain how the cardiovascular
system is related to the circulatory system is related to the circulatory systemsystem
• FunctionsFunctions ofof BloodBlood:: List & describe five functions of bloodList & describe five functions of blood
Circulatory SystemCirculatory System
• Component Systems:Component Systems: Cardiovascular systemCardiovascular system Lymphatic systemLymphatic system
• Functions of Circulatory System:Functions of Circulatory System: TransportTransport Regulation of body fluidsRegulation of body fluids Defense against pathogensDefense against pathogens
Functions of BloodFunctions of Blood
• TransportTransport of dissolved gases, nutrients, of dissolved gases, nutrients, hormones, & metabolic wasteshormones, & metabolic wastes
• RegulationRegulation of of pHpH & & electrolyteelectrolyte compositioncomposition of interstitial fluids of interstitial fluids
• RestrictionRestriction of of fluid lossesfluid losses due to due to damaged vessels or injurydamaged vessels or injury
• DefenseDefense against toxins & pathogens against toxins & pathogens• Temperature homeostasisTemperature homeostasis
Composition of BloodComposition of Blood
• Plasma & Formed ElementPlasma & Formed Element
• Blood Collection & AnalysisBlood Collection & Analysis
Learning ObjectivesLearning Objectives
• BloodBlood CompositionComposition:: Describe the important components Describe the important components
of the bloodof the blood
• BloodBlood CollectionCollection && AnalysisAnalysis:: Describe some of the basic physical Describe some of the basic physical
features of blood & explain how blood features of blood & explain how blood is collected is collected
Explain how blood volume can be Explain how blood volume can be estimatedestimated
Blood TissueBlood Tissue
• Blood is a Blood is a fluid connective fluid connective tissuetissue cellularcellular componentscomponents: formed : formed
elementselements RBCsRBCs, , WBCsWBCs, , plateletsplatelets
matrixmatrix: plasma: plasma “ “fibrous” portion – fibrous” portion – plasma proteinsplasma proteins ground substanceground substance - - serumserum
Blood CompositionBlood Composition
• PlasmaPlasma connective tissue matrix:connective tissue matrix:
plasma proteinsplasma proteins – in solution – in solutionserumserum – ground substance (H – ground substance (H22O)O)
• Formed elementsFormed elements connective tissue cells:connective tissue cells:
erythrocyteserythrocytes – red blood cells ( – red blood cells (RBCsRBCs))leukocytesleukocytes – white blood cells ( – white blood cells (WBCsWBCs))plateletsplatelets – cell fragments – cell fragments
Blood CollectionBlood Collection
• VenipunctureVenipuncture commoncommon sampling techniquesampling technique – –
median cubital vein (ant. surf median cubital vein (ant. surf elbow)elbow) superficial veins easy to locatesuperficial veins easy to locate walls of veins are thinnerwalls of veins are thinner venous blood pressure is relatively venous blood pressure is relatively
low allowing puncture wound to seal low allowing puncture wound to seal quicklyquickly
most blood analysesmost blood analyses
Blood CollectionBlood Collection
• Capillary punctureCapillary puncture finger tip is most finger tip is most commoncommon blood smearblood smear technique technique
• Arterial punctureArterial puncture uncommonuncommon sampling technique sampling technique gas exchange efficiency – radial gas exchange efficiency – radial
artery (wrist) or brachial artery artery (wrist) or brachial artery (elbow)(elbow)
Whole Blood: Plasma & Whole Blood: Plasma & Formed ElementsFormed Elements
Plasma AnalysisPlasma Analysis
Formed Element AnalysisFormed Element Analysis
HematocritHematocrit
Physical Physical CharacteristicsCharacteristics
• temperaturetemperature 38 38 00C C (100.4 (100.4 0 0 F)F)
slightly higher than normal core B.T.slightly higher than normal core B.T.
• viscosityviscosity 5X that of H5X that of H2200 interaction btw/ proteins, formed interaction btw/ proteins, formed
elements, & Helements, & H2200
• pHpH 7.35 – 7.457.35 – 7.45 slightly alkaline average:slightly alkaline average: 7.47.4
Blood pHBlood pH
Blood VolumeBlood Volume
• MaleMale 5 – 6 liters5 – 6 liters
• FemaleFemale 4 – 5 liters4 – 5 liters
• Relative to body sizeRelative to body size gender differences reflect gender differences reflect
differences in differences in ave. body sizeave. body size calculationcalculation: : 0.07 (7%) of body 0.07 (7%) of body
weight in kg (1kg = 2.2lb)weight in kg (1kg = 2.2lb)
Blood VolumeBlood Volume
• Blood volume termsBlood volume terms hypovolemichypovolemic – – lowlow blood volume blood volume normovolemicnormovolemic – – normalnormal blood blood
volumevolume hypervolemichypervolemic – – excessiveexcessive (high) (high)
blood volumeblood volume
PlasmaPlasma
• Plasma & Interstitial FluidPlasma & Interstitial Fluid
• Plasma ProteinsPlasma Proteins
• SerumSerum
Learning ObjectivesLearning Objectives
• PlasmaPlasma:: Discuss the composition & functions of Discuss the composition & functions of
plasmaplasma Discuss the origin of plasma proteinsDiscuss the origin of plasma proteins
Plasma -v- Plasma -v- Interstitial FluidInterstitial Fluid
• PlasmaPlasma 46-63 % whole blood: ave. 46-63 % whole blood: ave. 55 %55 %
92 % H92 % H22OO8 %8 % dissolved dissolved proteinsproteins & & ionsions
• InterstitialInterstitial fluidfluid 96 % H96 % H22OO similar ion conc. as plasmasimilar ion conc. as plasma smaller conc. of proteins & dissolved smaller conc. of proteins & dissolved
gassesgasses
Plasma ProteinsPlasma Proteins
• AlbuminsAlbumins 60 % 60 % (most abundant)(most abundant)
contribute to osmotic pressurecontribute to osmotic pressure functionfunction: :
- - transporttransport of fatty acids, of fatty acids, thyroid hormones, some steroid thyroid hormones, some steroid hormones, & other subst.hormones, & other subst.
Plasma ProteinsPlasma Proteins
• GlobulinsGlobulins 35 %35 % immunoglobulinsimmunoglobulins – a.k.a., – a.k.a., antibodiesantibodies
functionfunction: : attackattack foreign proteins &foreign proteins & pathogenspathogens
transport globulinstransport globulins functionfunction: : bindbind small ions, hormones, small ions, hormones,
etc to prevent loss at kidneysetc to prevent loss at kidneys
Plasma ProteinsPlasma Proteins
• FibrinogenFibrinogen 4 %4 % functionfunction: :
- - blood clottingblood clotting form fibrin strandsform fibrin strands serumserum – – blood fluid from which blood fluid from which
clotting factors have been removedclotting factors have been removed
Plasma ProteinPlasma ProteinOriginsOrigins
• LiverLiver 90 % of plasma proteins90 % of plasma proteins all albuminsall albumins fibrinogenfibrinogen most globulinsmost globulins
• LymphocytesLymphocytes – immunoglobulins – immunoglobulins• Endocrine organsEndocrine organs – peptide hormones – peptide hormones
ExEx: α & β cells of pancreas : α & β cells of pancreas insulin & insulin & glucagonglucagon
SerumSerum
• Watery portion of blood containing Watery portion of blood containing dissolved substancesdissolved substances electrolyteselectrolytes: Na: Na++, K, K++, Ca, Ca2+2+, Mg, Mg++, Cl, Cl--, HCO, HCO33
--, , etcetc
organic nutrientsorganic nutrients: fatty acids, amino acids, : fatty acids, amino acids, glucose, etcglucose, etc
organic wastesorganic wastes: urea, ammonium ions, etc: urea, ammonium ions, etc
• W/out clotting factors or clotting W/out clotting factors or clotting proteinsproteins
Formed ElementsFormed Elements
• Origin & ProductionOrigin & Production• Erythrocytes (Red Blood Cells)Erythrocytes (Red Blood Cells)
structure & functionstructure & function hemoglobinhemoglobin
erythropoiesiserythropoiesis blood typingblood typing
• Leukocytes (White Blood Cells)Leukocytes (White Blood Cells) structure & functionstructure & function leukopoiesisleukopoiesis
• PlateletsPlatelets structure & functionstructure & function
Learning ObjectivesLearning Objectives
• FormedFormed ElementsElements:: Describe the origin & formation of Describe the origin & formation of
formed elements in bloodformed elements in blood• RBCsRBCs::
List the characteristics & functions of List the characteristics & functions of red blood cellsred blood cells
Describe the structure of hemoglobin, Describe the structure of hemoglobin, and indicate its functionsand indicate its functions
Learning ObjectivesLearning Objectives
• RBCsRBCs: (cont.): (cont.) Describe the recycling system for Describe the recycling system for
aged or damaged RBCsaged or damaged RBCs Define erythropoiesis, identify the Define erythropoiesis, identify the
stages involved in erythrocyte stages involved in erythrocyte maturation, & describe the maturation, & describe the homeostatic regulation of RBC homeostatic regulation of RBC productionproduction
Learning ObjectivesLearning Objectives
• RBCsRBCs: (cont.): (cont.) List examples of important tests & cite List examples of important tests & cite
the normal values for each testthe normal values for each test Explain the importance of blood Explain the importance of blood
typing on the basis of ABO & Rh typing on the basis of ABO & Rh incompatibilitiesincompatibilities
HemopoiesisHemopoiesis
• Production of bloodProduction of blood• Stem cellsStem cells
produce daughter cells that remain produce daughter cells that remain capable of division throughout lifecapable of division throughout life
• HemocytoblastsHemocytoblasts divide to produce:divide to produce:
lymphoid stem cellslymphoid stem cells lymphocytelymphocyte productionproduction
myeloid stem cellsmyeloid stem cells production of production of allall otherother: RBCs, platelets, & WBCs: RBCs, platelets, & WBCs
Erythrocytes:Erythrocytes:Red Blood CellsRed Blood Cells
• RBCsRBCs = = 99%99% of formed elements of formed elements• Contain Contain hemoglobinhemoglobin
proteinprotein binds Obinds O22 & CO & CO22
• Imparts deep Imparts deep red colorred color to blood to blood when bound to oxygen: when bound to oxygen: oxyhemoglobinoxyhemoglobin
RBC TriviaRBC Trivia
• # RBCs/μl (mm# RBCs/μl (mm33)):: = 4.5-6.0 million for = 4.5-6.0 million for malemale = 4.2-5.5 million for = 4.2-5.5 million for femalefemale
• # RBCs# RBCs in 1 in 1 drop of blooddrop of blood = 260 = 260 millionmillion
• total # RBCstotal # RBCs in in ave adultave adult = 25 trillion = 25 trillion• RBCs account for RBCs account for 1/3 of the total #1/3 of the total # of of
cells in the cells in the human bodyhuman body
Red Blood CellsRed Blood Cells
• HematocritHematocrit % of whole blood occupied by % of whole blood occupied by
cellular componentscellular components
• Adult male – Adult male – 46%46% (40-54%) (40-54%)• Adult female – Adult female – 42%42% (37-47%) (37-47%)
Androgens (Androgens (♂♂ hormones) stimulate RBC hormones) stimulate RBC production; estrogens (production; estrogens (♀♀ hormones) do not hormones) do not
Blood SmearBlood Smear
plateletplatelet
WBCWBCRBCRBC
RBC Structure & FunctionRBC Structure & Function
• StructureStructure biconcavebiconcave disk disk no nucleusno nucleus in mature, circulating RBCs in mature, circulating RBCs hemoglobinhemoglobin (Hb) – packs RBC (Hb) – packs RBC
• Effect on functionEffect on function large surface arealarge surface area – rapid absorption & – rapid absorption &
release of Orelease of O22 formation of stacks – formation of stacks – rouleauxrouleaux
allows easy passage through vesselsallows easy passage through vessels flexibilityflexibility – ability to squeeze through – ability to squeeze through
capillariescapillaries
Hemoglobin Hemoglobin StructureStructure
• StructureStructure QuaternaryQuaternary shape – shape – 4 globular 4 globular
polypeptide chainspolypeptide chains2 alpha (α) chains2 alpha (α) chains2 beta (β) chains2 beta (β) chains
Each subunit has 1 Each subunit has 1 hemeheme groupgroup containing Fecontaining Fe
• Sickle-cell anemiaSickle-cell anemia a.a. sequence error in structure of β chaina.a. sequence error in structure of β chain RBCs “sickle” in low ORBCs “sickle” in low O22 conditions conditions
PleiotropyPleiotropy
Normal RBCsNormal RBCs
Hemoglobin Hemoglobin FunctionFunction
• OxygenOxygen transporttransport 280 million Hb molecules/RBC280 million Hb molecules/RBC each Hb has 4 heme groupseach Hb has 4 heme groups Fe in each heme carries 1 OFe in each heme carries 1 O22
a single RBC carries > 1 billion Oa single RBC carries > 1 billion O22 molecules molecules 98.5% O98.5% O22 in blood carried by Hb in blood carried by Hb
• OxyhemoglobinOxyhemoglobin HbOHbO22
inin↑↑oxygenoxygen environ, environ, Hb binds OHb binds O22
inin↓↓oxygenoxygen environ, environ, Hb releases OHb releases O22
Hemoglobin FunctionHemoglobin Function
• Carbon dioxide transportCarbon dioxide transport COCO22 binds to α & β chains binds to α & β chains
23% CO23% CO22 in blood carried by Hb in blood carried by Hb
- remainder carried as HCO- remainder carried as HCO33- - or dissolved gasor dissolved gas
• CarbaminohemoglobinCarbaminohemoglobin HbCOHbCO22
inin↑↑carbon dioxidecarbon dioxide environ, environ, Hb binds COHb binds CO22
inin↓↓carbon dioxidecarbon dioxide environ, environ, Hb releases COHb releases CO22
RBC Life Span RBC Life Span & Circulation& Circulation
• route from heart, to peripheral tissues, route from heart, to peripheral tissues, back to heart takes 1 min – back to heart takes 1 min – extremely extremely stressful collisionsstressful collisions
• travels 700 miles intravels 700 miles in 120 days120 days• worn cells are phagocytized by WBCsworn cells are phagocytized by WBCs• 1% replaced @ day1% replaced @ day• 3 million new RBCs enter circulation @ 3 million new RBCs enter circulation @
secsec
ErythropoiesisErythropoiesis
Stimulation of Stimulation of erythropoiesis due to erythropoiesis due to hormone hormone erythropoietinerythropoietin ( (EPOEPO) ) produced by produced by kidneykidney in in response to response to hypoxiahypoxia ((↓↓OO22))
Blood TypingBlood Typing
• Based on surface features of RBCsBased on surface features of RBCs antigensantigens – – surface featuressurface features
((agglutinogensagglutinogens) ) that trigger immune that trigger immune responsesresponses
RBCs have RBCs have 5050 different different kindskinds of surface of surface antigensantigens
3 are especially important:3 are especially important: AA, , BB, & , & RhRh
• Affected by antibodiesAffected by antibodies agglutininsagglutinins – – antibodies that attack RBCs antibodies that attack RBCs
w/ non-self antigensw/ non-self antigens
Blood TypesBlood Types
• TypeType AA ( (40%40% US population) US population) antigen Aantigen A present on RBC present on RBC plasma carries plasma carries anti-B antibodiesanti-B antibodies
• TypeType BB ((10%10% US population) US population) antigen Bantigen B present on RBC present on RBC plasma carriesplasma carries anti-A antibodiesanti-A antibodies
• TypeType ABAB ((4%4% US population) US population) antigens A & Bantigens A & B present on RBC present on RBC plasma carries plasma carries no ant-A or anti-B no ant-A or anti-B
antibodiesantibodies
Blood TypesBlood Types
• TypeType OO ((46%46% US population) US population) no A or B antigensno A or B antigens present on RBC present on RBC plasma carries plasma carries both anti-A & anti-B both anti-A & anti-B
antibodiesantibodies
Blood GroupsBlood Groups
universal donoruniversal donor
univ
ers
al re
cip
ient
univ
ers
al re
cip
ient
Blood TypesBlood Types
• Rh factorRh factor antigen presentantigen present – positive Rh factor = – positive Rh factor =
RhRh++
antigen absentantigen absent – negative Rh factor = – negative Rh factor = RhRh--
nono anti-Rh antibodies anti-Rh antibodies are present in are present in RhRh-- individuals unless due to previous individuals unless due to previous exposure to Rhexposure to Rh++ blood blood
““Rh” omitted in blood type Rh” omitted in blood type terminologyterminology
ExEx: O: O++ or A or A--
Rh Factors Rh Factors & Pregnancy& Pregnancy
Erythroblastosis fetalisErythroblastosis fetalis
Blood Group Blood Group GeneticsGenetics
• CodominanceCodominance there are there are 2 dominant traits2 dominant traits if inherited, both are expressed in if inherited, both are expressed in
phenotypephenotype of offspring of offspring type A (Itype A (IAA_), type B (I_), type B (IBB_), or type AB _), or type AB
(I(IAAIIBB))• Multiple allelesMultiple alleles
more than 2 traitsmore than 2 traits (surface features) (surface features) govern a character (blood type)govern a character (blood type)
IIAA & I & IB B & i& i
Blood Group GeneticsBlood Group Genetics
• Type AType A genotypesgenotypes IIAAIIAA – – homozygous dominanthomozygous dominant AA IIAAi – i – heterozygousheterozygous AA
• Type BType B genotypesgenotypes IIBBIIBB – – homozygous dominanthomozygous dominant BB IIBBi – i – heterozygousheterozygous BB
• Type ABType AB genotypegenotype IIAAIIBB – – homozygous dominanthomozygous dominant A & BA & B
• Type OType O genotypegenotype ii – ii – homozygous recessivehomozygous recessive
Universal Recipient
Universal Donor
Blood TypingBlood Typing
Type A blood Type A blood carries carries antibodies antibodies against type Bagainst type B
Type B blood Type B blood carries carries antibodies antibodies against type Aagainst type A
Type AB blood Type AB blood has NO A or B has NO A or B antibodiesantibodies
Donor Blood Serum
Reci
pie
nt
RB
Cs
Type O blood Type O blood carries carries antibodies for antibodies for both type A & both type A & type Btype B
Genetics Genetics Problem 1Problem 1
• A woman who is A woman who is heterozygous for heterozygous for type Atype A blood marries and a man who blood marries and a man who is is heterozygous for type Bheterozygous for type B blood. blood.
• State the State the probabilityprobability that any child that any child they produce will have the following they produce will have the following blood types:blood types:a)a) AA
b)b) BB
c)c) AB AB
d)d) OO
IA i X IB i
i
i
IA
IB IA IB IB i
IA i i i
♂♂♀♀
Type OType O
Type BType B
Type AType A
Type ABType AB
25% probability 25% probability for any blood typefor any blood type
GeneticsGeneticsProblem 2Problem 2
• A woman who is A woman who is heterozygous heterozygous for Rhfor Rh++ blood marries and a man blood marries and a man withwith Rh Rh-- blood. blood.
• State the State the probabilityprobability that any that any child they produce will have the child they produce will have the following blood types:following blood types:
a)a) RhRh++
b)b) RhRh--
+ / - X - / -
-
-
+
- +/-
♂♂♀ ♀
Rh-negRh-neg
Rh-negRh-neg
Rh-posRh-pos
Rh-posRh-pos
-/-
-/-+/-
GeneticsGeneticsProblem 3Problem 3
• A woman who is A woman who is heterozygous for heterozygous for type Atype A and and RhRh++ blood marries and a blood marries and a man who is man who is heterozygous for type Bheterozygous for type B-- blood.blood.
• State the State the probabilityprobability that any child that any child they produce will have the following they produce will have the following blood types:blood types:a)a) AA++ e)e) AB AB+ + i)i) Rh Rh++
b)b) AA-- f)f) AB AB- - j)j) Rh Rh--
c)c) BB++ g)g) O O++
d)d) BB-- h)h) O O--
IA+ i- X IB- i-
i-
i-
IA+
IB- IA+ IB- IB- i-
IA+ i- i- i-
♂♂♀ ♀
Type O negType O neg
Type B negType B neg
Type A posType A pos
Type AB posType AB pos
RBC ProblemsRBC Problems
• AnemiaAnemia hemoglobin &/or RBC deficiencyhemoglobin &/or RBC deficiency OO22 transport transport typestypes::
Fe-deficiency anemiaFe-deficiency anemia – affects proper – affects proper manufacture of hemoglobinmanufacture of hemoglobin
pernicious anemiapernicious anemia – vitamin B – vitamin B1212 deficiency reducing factor necessary for deficiency reducing factor necessary for RBC maturation RBC maturation
aplasticaplastic anemiaanemia – reduced manufacture – reduced manufacture of RBCsof RBCs
sickle-cell anemiasickle-cell anemia – gene mutation – gene mutation resulting in abnormal hemoglobinresulting in abnormal hemoglobin
RBC ProblemsRBC Problems
• ThalassemiaThalassemia inherited disease involving inherited disease involving
hemoglobin synthesishemoglobin synthesis• PolycythemiaPolycythemia
production of RBCsproduction of RBCs typestypes::
PrimaryPrimary – natural disorder leading to – natural disorder leading to blood volume & viscosity and to impaired blood volume & viscosity and to impaired circulationcirculation
SecondarySecondary – develops as compensation – develops as compensation for for O O22 levels: high altitude adaptation levels: high altitude adaptation
Learning ObjectivesLearning Objectives
• WBCsWBCs:: Categorize the various WBCs on the Categorize the various WBCs on the
basis of their structures & functionsbasis of their structures & functions Discuss factors that regulate the Discuss factors that regulate the
production of the various types of production of the various types of WBCsWBCs
Types ofTypes ofLeukocytesLeukocytes
• Granular leukocytesGranular leukocytes cytoplasm contains cytoplasm contains manymany visiblevisible
granulesgranules typestypes::
neutrophilsneutrophilseosinophilseosinophilsbasophilsbasophils
Types ofTypes ofLeukocytesLeukocytes
• Agranular leukocytesAgranular leukocytes cytoplasm contains cytoplasm contains fewfew or or nono visiblevisible
granulesgranules typestypes::
monocytesmonocyteslymphocyteslymphocytes
Circulation Circulation & Movement& Movement
• amoeboid movementamoeboid movement• diapedesisdiapedesis – – can squeeze btw adjacent can squeeze btw adjacent
endothelial cells of blood vessels to endothelial cells of blood vessels to migrate out of circulatory systemmigrate out of circulatory system
• positivepositive chemotaxischemotaxis – – attracted to attracted to specific chemical stimuli of damaged specific chemical stimuli of damaged cells, invading pathogens, etccells, invading pathogens, etc
• phagocytosisphagocytosis – – neutrophils, eosinophils, neutrophils, eosinophils, & monocytes can engulf pathogens, cell & monocytes can engulf pathogens, cell debris, etcdebris, etc
Circulation Circulation & Movement& Movement
• 6000-9000 leukocytes/μl whole 6000-9000 leukocytes/μl whole bloodblood
• most WBCs are in most WBCs are in connectiveconnective tissuetissue properproper or organs of the or organs of the lymphaticlymphatic systemsystem
• circulating leukocytes represent circulating leukocytes represent tiny fraction of total WBC counttiny fraction of total WBC count
General FunctionsGeneral Functionsof Leukocytesof Leukocytes
• Nonspecific defensesNonspecific defenses activated by a variety of stimuliactivated by a variety of stimuli do not discriminate btw one type of do not discriminate btw one type of
threat & anotherthreat & another typestypes::
neutrophilsneutrophilseosinophilseosinophilsbasophilsbasophilsmonocytesmonocytes
General FunctionsGeneral Functionsof Leukocytesof Leukocytes
• Specific immunitySpecific immunity respond to attacks byrespond to attacks by specificspecific
pathogenspathogens oror toxinstoxins typestypes::
lymphocyteslymphocytes
NeutrophilNeutrophil
• StructureStructure polymorphonuclearpolymorphonuclear – segmented nucleus – segmented nucleus round cell; granules round cell; granules do not staindo not stain easily w/ easily w/
acidicacidic or or basicbasic dyes dyes packed w/ packed w/ lysosomeslysosomes & & bactericidalbactericidal
compoundscompounds
• FunctionFunction phagocytizephagocytize bacteria, fungi, some viruses bacteria, fungi, some viruses release chemicals to release chemicals to causecause inflammationinflammation
makes blood vessels permeablemakes blood vessels permeableattract other WBCsattract other WBCs
NeutrophilNeutrophil
• 50-70% circulating WBCs50-70% circulating WBCs most numerous WBC in circulationmost numerous WBC in circulation
• survive 10 hrs in bloodstreamsurvive 10 hrs in bloodstream• survive 30 min while destroying survive 30 min while destroying
bacteriabacteria• produced in red bone marrowproduced in red bone marrow
EosinophilEosinophil(a.k.a., acidophil)(a.k.a., acidophil)
• StructureStructure bilobed nucleusbilobed nucleus round cell; granules round cell; granules stain darkly redstain darkly red w/ w/
eosineosin, an acid-based dye, an acid-based dye
• FunctionFunction use use exocytosisexocytosis to to secrete toxinssecrete toxins onto onto
surface of large, multicellular parasites surface of large, multicellular parasites (flukes, tapeworms, etc)(flukes, tapeworms, etc)
phagocytizephagocytize objects already coated w/ objects already coated w/ antibodies: bacteria, dead cells, etcantibodies: bacteria, dead cells, etc
respond to respond to allergensallergens reduce reduce inflammationinflammation
EosinophilEosinophil
• 2-4 % circulating WBCs2-4 % circulating WBCs• survive minutes to days depending survive minutes to days depending
on activity in tissueon activity in tissue• produced in red bone marrowproduced in red bone marrow
BasophilBasophil
• StructureStructure lobed nucleuslobed nucleus – difficult to see due to # – difficult to see due to #
of granulesof granules round cell; granules round cell; granules stain dark purplestain dark purple or or
blueblue w/ w/ basicbasic dyes dyes
• FunctionFunction release release heparinheparin to to prevent blood clottingprevent blood clotting release release histaminehistamine to to causecause inflammationinflammation
BasophilBasophil
• < 1 % circulating WBCs< 1 % circulating WBCs• survival time unknownsurvival time unknown• produced in red bone marrowproduced in red bone marrow
MonocyteMonocyte
• StructureStructure kidney bean-shaped nucleuskidney bean-shaped nucleus very large cell; abundant, pale cytoplasmvery large cell; abundant, pale cytoplasm
• FunctionFunction in circulation for 24 hrs; in circulation for 24 hrs; enter tissues to enter tissues to
become macrophagesbecome macrophages phagocytic giant cellphagocytic giant cell – fusion of several – fusion of several
macrophages to ingest large objectmacrophages to ingest large object
MonocyteMonocyte
• 2-8 % of circulating WBCs2-8 % of circulating WBCs• survive for months or longersurvive for months or longer• most produced in red bone marrowmost produced in red bone marrow
LymphocyteLymphocyte
• StructureStructure large, round nucleuslarge, round nucleus generally round cell; generally round cell; little cytoplasmlittle cytoplasm
• FunctionFunction defense against specific pathogensdefense against specific pathogens: :
viruses, bacteria, fungiviruses, bacteria, fungi 3 classes of lymphocytes w/ different 3 classes of lymphocytes w/ different
functionsfunctions
LymphocyteLymphocyte
• 20-30 % of circulating WBCs20-30 % of circulating WBCs• survive months to decadessurvive months to decades• circulate from blood to tissues & circulate from blood to tissues &
backback• produced in red bone marrow & produced in red bone marrow &
lymphoid tissueslymphoid tissues
LymphocyteLymphocyteClassesClasses
• T cellsT cells cellular immunitycellular immunity – defense – defense
mechanisms against invading foreign mechanisms against invading foreign cells and tissuescells and tissues
coordination of immune responsescoordination of immune responses
LymphocyteLymphocyteClassesClasses
types of T cellstypes of T cells:: cytotoxiccytotoxic T cellsT cells – direct destruction of – direct destruction of
foreign cells by physical & chemical foreign cells by physical & chemical attackattack
regulatoryregulatory T cellsT cells::• helperhelper T cellsT cells – stimulate activity of – stimulate activity of
other T cells & B cellsother T cells & B cells• suppressorsuppressor T cellsT cells – inhibit the activity – inhibit the activity
of other T cells & B cellsof other T cells & B cells
LymphocyteLymphocyteClassesClasses
• B cellsB cells humoral immunityhumoral immunity production of antibody defenseproduction of antibody defense
against antigens on pathogens, against antigens on pathogens, foreign cells, etcforeign cells, etc
antibodies produced in one region can antibodies produced in one region can destroy pathogens anywhere in the destroy pathogens anywhere in the bodybody
LymphocyteLymphocyteClassesClasses
• NK cellsNK cells (a.k.a., “natural killer” or (a.k.a., “natural killer” or large, granular lymphocytes)large, granular lymphocytes) immune surveillanceimmune surveillance detection & destruction of abnormal detection & destruction of abnormal
tissue cellstissue cells important in destroying important in destroying cancer cellscancer cells
Blood Cell Origin Blood Cell Origin & Differentiation& Differentiation
Regulation ofRegulation ofWBC ProductionWBC Production
• Colony-stimulating factorsColony-stimulating factors (CSFs)(CSFs) hormoneshormones types of CSFstypes of CSFs::
M-CSFM-CSF – – stimulatesstimulates monocytemonocyte/macrophage line/macrophage line
G-CSFG-CSF – – stimulatesstimulates production of production of granulocytesgranulocytes: neutrophils, eosinophils, & : neutrophils, eosinophils, & basophilsbasophils
Regulation ofRegulation ofWBC ProductionWBC Production
types of CSFstypes of CSFs: (cont): (cont)GM-CSFGM-CSF – – stimulatesstimulates production of both production of both
granulocytesgranulocytes & & monocytesmonocytesMulti-CSFMulti-CSF – – acceleratesaccelerates production of production of
granulocytesgranulocytes, , monocytesmonocytes, , erythrocyteserythrocytes, & , & plateletsplatelets
Learning ObjectivesLearning Objectives
• PlateletsPlatelets:: Describe the structure & function of Describe the structure & function of
plateletsplatelets Explain how platelets are formedExplain how platelets are formed
PlateletsPlatelets
• StructureStructure flattened disks or spindle-shaped flattened disks or spindle-shaped cell cell
fragments fragments non-nucleatenon-nucleate; cytoplasm w/ enzymes & ; cytoplasm w/ enzymes &
proenzymesproenzymes
• FunctionFunction transport of clotting chemicalstransport of clotting chemicals temporary temporary patch formationpatch formation in walls of in walls of
damaged blood vesselsdamaged blood vessels active active contractioncontraction following clot formation following clot formation
PlateletsPlatelets
• 150,000-500,000 / 150,000-500,000 / μμl whole bloodl whole blood• survival time 9-12 dayssurvival time 9-12 days• produced in red bone marrowproduced in red bone marrow
Platelet Platelet ProductionProduction
• ThromobocytopoiesisThromobocytopoiesis production of plateletsproduction of platelets contributing factors:contributing factors:
thrombopoietinthrombopoietin (TPO) – accelerates (TPO) – accelerates platelet formationplatelet formation
interleukin-6interleukin-6 (Il-6) – stimulates platelet (Il-6) – stimulates platelet formationformation
Multi-CSFMulti-CSF – stimulates production of – stimulates production of megakaryocytesmegakaryocytes
Note Structure of Formed Note Structure of Formed Elements:Elements: Nuclei Nuclei
HemostasisHemostasis
• Prevention of blood loss through Prevention of blood loss through walls of damaged blood vesselswalls of damaged blood vessels
• Establishment of framework for Establishment of framework for tissue repairtissue repair
Learning ObjectivesLearning Objectives
• HemostasisHemostasis:: Discuss mechanisms that control Discuss mechanisms that control
blood loss after injuryblood loss after injury Describe the reaction sequences Describe the reaction sequences
responsible for blood clottingresponsible for blood clotting
Phases Phases of Hemostasisof Hemostasis
• Vascular PhaseVascular Phase Vascular spasmVascular spasm – – automatic contraction automatic contraction
of smooth muscleof smooth muscle following a cut in the wall following a cut in the wall of a blood vesselof a blood vessel
Changes in endotheliumChanges in endothelium:: endothelial cells contractendothelial cells contract & expose & expose
underlying basement membrane to blood underlying basement membrane to blood streamstream
endothelial cell endothelial cell membranes become stickymembranes become sticky; ; in small capillaries, cells from opposite walls in small capillaries, cells from opposite walls may stick together to close off passagewaymay stick together to close off passageway
Phases Phases of Hemostasisof Hemostasis
• Vascular PhaseVascular Phase endothelial cells endothelial cells release chemicalsrelease chemicals & &
hormoneshormones• ADP, tissue factor, prostacyclinADP, tissue factor, prostacyclin• endothelinsendothelins – peptide hormones – peptide hormones
(1)(1) stimulate stimulate smooth muscle smooth muscle contractioncontraction & vascular spasm & vascular spasm
(2)(2) stimulate stimulate production of new production of new endothelial cells, smooth muscle endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells, & fibroblastscells, & fibroblasts to accelerate to accelerate repairrepair
Phases Phases of Hemostasisof Hemostasis
• Platelet PhasePlatelet Phase Platelet adhesionPlatelet adhesion – platelets begin to – platelets begin to
stick to endothelial cellsstick to endothelial cells Platelet adhesionPlatelet adhesion – platelets begin to – platelets begin to
stick to each otherstick to each other Platelet plug Platelet plug formsforms
Phases Phases of Hemostasisof Hemostasis
• Platelet PhasePlatelet Phase Platelets release Platelets release chemicalschemicals::
ADPADP – promotes aggregation – promotes aggregation thromboxanethromboxane AA22 – promotes aggregation – promotes aggregation
& secretion; also, smooth muscle & secretion; also, smooth muscle contraction & vascular spasmcontraction & vascular spasm
serotoninserotonin – assists thromboxane A – assists thromboxane A22
platelet factorsplatelet factors – promotes blood – promotes blood coagulation & div. of endothelial cellscoagulation & div. of endothelial cells
CaCa2+2+ - promote aggregation & clotting- promote aggregation & clotting
Phases Phases of Hemostasisof Hemostasis
• Coagulation PhaseCoagulation Phase Blood clottingBlood clotting
conversion of circulating conversion of circulating fibrinogen to fibrinogen to insoluble fibrininsoluble fibrin
forms forms tangle of fiberstangle of fibers that traps blood that traps blood cells and more plateletscells and more platelets
Blood ClotBlood ClotStructureStructure
Coagulation PhaseCoagulation Phase
• Extrinsic pathwayExtrinsic pathway begins w/ damaged tissues at begins w/ damaged tissues at
injury site injury site outsideoutside the blood stream the blood stream release of release of tissue factortissue factor ( (TFTF))
activates a series of clottingactivates a series of clottingfactors which combine w/ Cafactors which combine w/ Ca2+2+
to produce the enzymeto produce the enzymeprothrombin activatorprothrombin activator
Coagulation PhaseCoagulation Phase
• Intrinsic pathwayIntrinsic pathway begins w/ damaged tissues at begins w/ damaged tissues at
injury site injury site insideinside the blood stream the blood stream activates a series of clotting factors activates a series of clotting factors
which combine w/ Cawhich combine w/ Ca2+2+ to produce to produce the enzyme the enzyme prothrombin activatorprothrombin activator
Coagulation PhaseCoagulation Phase
• Common pathwayCommon pathway prothrombin activatorprothrombin activator from either from either
intrinsic or extrinsic pathway intrinsic or extrinsic pathway appears in plasmaappears in plasma
works w/ Caworks w/ Ca2+2+ : :
prothrombinprothrombin – –prothrombin activator / Caprothrombin activator / Ca2+2+ thrombinthrombin
circulating globular circulating globular fibrinogenfibrinogen – –thrombinthrombin fibrinfibrin
Blood Clotting Blood Clotting ProcessProcess
Clot RetractionClot Retraction& Fibrinolysis& Fibrinolysis
• Platelets contract:Platelets contract: syneresis syneresis pull edges of torn vessel closer pull edges of torn vessel closer
togethertogether
• FibrinolysisFibrinolysis clot dissolvesclot dissolves action of plasmin by plasminogenaction of plasmin by plasminogen
plasminogenplasminogen – –thrombin activator or t-PAthrombin activator or t-PA plasminplasmin
Blood ReviewBlood Review
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