case studies undp: camalandaan agroforestry farmers' association, philippines
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Equator Initiative Case StudiesLocal sustainable development solutions for people, nature, and resilient communities
Philippines
CAMALANDAANAGROFORESTRY FARMERSASSOCIATION
Empowered live
Resilient nation
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UNDP EQUATOR INITIATIVE CASE STUDY SERIES
Local and indigenous communities across the world are advancing innovative sustainable development solutions that wo
or people and or nature. Few publications or case studies tell the ull story o how such initiatives evolve, the breadth
their impacts, or how they change over time. Fewer still have undertaken to tell these stories with community practition
themselves guiding the narrative.
To mark its 10-year anniversary, the Equator Initiative aims to ll this gap. The ollowing case study is one in a growing ser
that details the work o Equator Prize winners vetted and peer-reviewed best practices in community-based environmenconservation and sustainable livelihoods. These cases are intended to inspire the policy dialogue needed to take local succ
to scale, to improve the global knowledge base on local environment and development solutions, and to serve as models
replication. Case studies are best viewed and understood with reerence to The Power o Local Action: Lessons rom 10 Years
the Equator Prize, a compendium o lessons learned and policy guidance that draws rom the case material.
Click on the map to visit the Equator Initiatives searchable case study database.
EditorsEditor-in-Chie: Joseph Corcoran
Managing Editor: Oliver HughesContributing Editors: Dearbhla Keegan, Matthew Konsa, Erin Lewis, Whitney Wilding
Contributing WritersEdayatu Abieodun Lamptey, Erin Atwell, Toni Blackman, Jonathan Clay, Joseph Corcoran, Larissa Currado, Sarah Gordon, Oliver Hughe
Wen-Juan Jiang, Sonal Kanabar, Dearbhla Keegan, Matthew Konsa, Rachael Lader, Patrick Lee, Erin Lewis, Jona Liebl, Mengning Ma,
Mary McGraw, Gabriele Orlandi, Brandon Payne, Juliana Quaresma, Peter Schecter, Martin Sommerschuh, Whitney Wilding, Luna Wu
DesignOliver Hughes, Dearbhla Keegan, Matthew Konsa, Amy Korngiebel, Kimberly Koserowski, Erin Lewis, John Mulqueen, Lorena de la Pa
Brandon Payne, Mariajos Satizbal G.
AcknowledgementsThe Equator Initiative acknowledges with gratitude the Camalandaan Agroorest Farmers Association, and in particular the guidance a
inputs o Dr. Ely Alcala. All photo credits courtesy o Dr. Ely Alcala. Maps courtesy o CIA World Factbook and Wikipedia.
Suggested CitationUnited Nations Development Programme. 2012. Camalandaan Agroorestry Farmers Association, Philippines. Equator Initiative Case Stu
Series. New York, NY.
http://equatorinitiative.org/images/stories/events/2012events/Book_Launch/power%2520of%2520local%2520action%2520final%25202013%25208mb.pdfhttp://equatorinitiative.org/images/stories/events/2012events/Book_Launch/power%2520of%2520local%2520action%2520final%25202013%25208mb.pdfhttp://equatorinitiative.org/images/stories/events/2012events/Book_Launch/power%2520of%2520local%2520action%2520final%25202013%25208mb.pdfhttp://equatorinitiative.org/images/stories/events/2012events/Book_Launch/power%2520of%2520local%2520action%2520final%25202013%25208mb.pdfhttp://equatorinitiative.org/index.php?option=com_winners&view=casestudysearch&Itemid=858 -
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PROJECT SUMMARYThe Camalandaan Agroorestry Farmers Associationworks to conserve ragments o lowland limestone oreston the Philippines island o Negros through on-arm treeconservation in the Southern Cauayan Municipal Forestand Watershed Reserve. The association is made up o localarmers who have been allocated rights to plots o landby the government as part o a community-based orestmanagement agreement.
Through a participatory land management plan, the grouphas divided community land into strict protection zones,
publicly-owned multiple-use zones, special managementzones, agricultural zones, and built-up areas. In addition toadopting agroorestry practices that improve agriculturalproductivity and help to actively regenerate the landscape,some members have been deputized as orest wardens known as the Bantay Lasang to regulate access toorest areas, as well as assisting researchers rom SillimanUniversity in biological monitoring.
KEY FACTS
EQUATOR PRIZE WINNER: 2008
FOUNDED: 1983
LOCATION: Cauayan, southwest Negros Occidental
BENEFICIARIES: Farming households of Camalandaan
BIODIVERSITY: Southern Cauayan Municipal Reserve
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CAMALANDAAN AGROFORESTRYFARMERS ASSOCIATIONPhilippines
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Background and Context 4
Key Activities and Innovations 5
Biodiversity Impacts 6
Socioeconomic Impacts 8
Policy Impacts 8
Sustainability 9
Partners 9
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ounded in 1983, Camalandaan Agroorestry Farmers Association
CAFA) is made up o second- and third-generation armers growing
ce and corn on small arm lots allocated by the government as part
a recent community-based orest management agreement.
Ecological context
inamayan and Inayawan are orest villages situated in the local
overnment unit, or barangay, o Camalandaan, in Cauayan
municipality, located in the south-western tip o the province o
Negros Occidental, Philippines. The provinces landscape is generally
illy, dominated by karst and coralline topography, contrasting with
he largely at and volcanic landscapes o eastern Negros Island.he area contains some o the last remaining lowland limestone
orest on the island o Negros. The orest is composed o several
ragments that have survived large-scale logging operations, but are
till threatened by occasional illegal logging. The orest ragments
re dominated by molave (Vitex parviora) trees interspersed with
pecies in the Dipterocarpaceae amily. These orest patches orm
art o the Greater Calatong Watershed, which supplies water to
ome 4,000 armers in the areas o Cauayan municipality and Sipalay
City.
Evolution o a community-based agroorestry initiative
ven beore CAFA was established, there was a long history o ruralworker organization and orest protection in the region. The armers
hat would become the core members o CAFA held responsibilities
onerred through contract stewardship certicates which granted
ccess and use o orested areas. As part o this locally-developed
cheme, armers were responsible or maintaining orest cover
n their armland. This combined the twin tasks o arming under
icult karst limestone conditions and monitoring their orest plots
o protect the orest ecosystem rom decline and degradation and
o protect endemic wildlie against hunters and poachers. This was
challenging situation or local armers or a number o reasons.
he rst were the constraints o working unproductive, small-hold
arms. The second was that local armers were ill-equippe
conront armed poachers and understandably unwilling to ass
the risk o doing so. And lastly, there was a strong temptatio
armers with ew other income-generation options to cut d
trees or commercial sale. CAFA members persevered, however
earned the community o Camalandaan a reputation as respon
stewards o local biodiversity and orests.
In 2001, biologists rom Silliman Universitys Angelo King Ce
or Research and Environmental Management (SUAKCREM) b
working in the area. In collaboration with local armers and C
members, biological monitoring was undertaken. As a direct r
o this participatory monitoring, and the resulting documentatithe rich biological diversity in the orests o Cauayan, the Sout
Cauayan Municipal Forest and Watershed Reserve was establi
in 2003. This sparked a second phase o research and conserva
which would be carried out rom 2004 to 2007 and which act
engaged community members in orest protection. Membe
CAFA were selectively deputized as orest wardens and given the
o protecting the orest. As orest wardens known as the Ba
Lasang members o CAFA now conduct biological monito
orest protection, and environmental education campaign
well as assisting academic partners in eld research and reso
assessment. These activities are undertaken voluntarily, with s
assistance rom the local government and NGO partners.
The main objective o CAFA is to improve the socio-political
economic conditions o member armers through the prote
and conservation o natural resources using agroorestry techniq
Alongside agroorestry, the initiative and its partners are eng
in womens empowerment, political advocacy, reproductive he
programmes, developing sustainable alternative livelihood op
or local armers, and a edgling ecotourism enterprise. CAFA
twice been named the Most Outstanding Peoples Organizatio
the Environment Programmes Category o the Negros Occid
Province.
Background and Context
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Key Activities and Innovations
Camalandaan Agroorest Farmers Association has divided
ommunity land into various zones according to a participatory land
management plan. Strict protection zones include orested areas,
bufer zones, and riparian reserves. Publicly-owned multiple-use
ones include parks and other tourism areas. Special management
ones have been delineated or agricultural lands with unique
cological values. General agricultural zones are awarded under
tewardship to individual armers. Lastly, built-up areas are set aside
or housing, school buildings, health centres and other constructions.
he goal o the participatory land management plan is to equitably
balance the allocation o land resources according to the various
eeds o the community and that o healthy, ully unctioningcosystems. The geographic area that alls under CAFA management
is a natural watershed; it is a headwater o 48 creeks which orm
major river systems. The watershed and its tributaries suppor
agricultural communities downstream. The area also hosts
orest patches including karst, dipterocarp hardwood, and mo
orest types that are home to endemic ora and auna, man
which are threatened or endangered.
Protection o the Pinamayan orest was initially carried out
group o local armers who relied on this ecosystem or water
in agricultural irrigation and domestic use, and supplanted
incomes with the sale o orest resources. From a small group o
than ten members, the Bantay Lasang organisation o volun
orest wardens currently numbers 56 members.
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Impacts
BIODIVERSITY IMPACTS
n 2003, the Barangay Council o Pinamayan passed a resolution
protecting the orest ragments in their area; this resolution was
ater adopted by the Cauayan Municipal Council, which expanded
he protected area to include the catchment basins o Pinamayan
nd Inayawan orests in the Southern Cauayan Municipal Forest
nd Watershed Reserve. The creation o this 6,000 hectare reserve
was based on earlier research ndings by a team o biologists rom
illiman University that identied several unique and threatened
pecies o plants and animals in the orest. These included
dipterocarps orest species, Philippine tube-nosed ruit bat, Negros
arictic hornbill, and the Negros cave rog.
From contract stewardship certicates to orest wardens
orest protection in Camalandaan, as now carried out through
CAFA, built on the oundations o the existing community-based
orest management programme in which residents held contract
tewardship certicates. Local armers had succeeded in orming
closely-knit community organization. Famers living alongside
orested land were acutely aware o the services derived rom them,
nd o their responsibility to conserve them. Existing contract
teward certicate-holders were enlisted as orest wardens o the
outhern Cauayan Municipal Forest and Watershed Reserve.
Bantay Lasang members received trained not only on wildlie
monitoring, but also on the paralegal techniques or apprehending
nd convicting poachers and the transgressors o community zoning
aws. This training included exposure to wildlie surveys dealing
with the identication o dipterocarp trees, aviauna, herpetoauna,
nd mammal species. The project also helped build local capacity
n monitoring, evaluation and preparing technical reports. Several
members o the Bantay Lasang were trained in administrative
work, including entering eld observations and simple data into
omputers.
Forest wardens identied key points along the orest corridors
were requently used by timber poachers. These entry and exit p
were assigned to Bantay Lasang members living close to the are
monitoring. Aluminium signboards were set up along these ro
prohibiting wildlie collection in the area. The Bantay Lasang
marked mature trees using paint to deter timber poachers. Ma
trees were mapped using GPS readings and checked during re
bio-monitoring activities.
Providing orest wardens with communication equipment was
an essential step in improving their capacity to protect the o
Wardens were provided with radio transceivers, and a netwo
relay communication was established to allow sucient coverasignals in the area. The communication system proved so efe
that the local government unit made use o it to communicate
remote areas in the Cauayan municipality. The project also inve
in aerial antennae to bolster signals and installed a solar pan
charge radio transceivers.
Ecosystem and orest restoration
Thanks to these eforts, the CAFA Bantay Lasang has mainta
the ecosystem services provided by the watershed, bene
both upland and downstream communities. Endemic oral,
mammal, amphibian and reptile species have been conse
within these orest areas. Illegal activities within the orest have minimized. A study ound that the Bantay Lasang has signic
reduced timber poaching by 80%. This is indicated by evidenc
plant regeneration and reduction o gaps between orest ragm
rom satellite imagery and ground observations. Abando
clearings have also begun to regenerate into secondary orest.
In an efort to give armers with economic incentives to protec
orest, community members have been encouraged to protec
mother trees that produce seedlings or reorestation project
the local seedling market. In return, armers are allowed to co
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a portion o the naturally generated seedlings or community
ree nurseries. Two such tree nurseries have been set up or a
rainorestation arming project, in which native species are planted
on armland to increase productivity. One nursery has been set
up near the seed source to provide saplings or local tree-planting
activities, while a second smaller nursery was set up closer tobaranguay headquarters where it is more accessible or vehicles.
The second nursery has also served as a distribution center or trees
and endemic plants to the local population.
Reorestation has helped to expand riparian corridors and increase
otal orest cover within the reserve. Tree-planting has also been
conducted along roadsides, preventing soil erosion on the hilly karst
andscape.
Environmental education and awareness-raising
An activity that has underpinned orest protection and reorest
programs has been community awareness-raising on endang
species and the need or conservation. Clearing orest or arm
plots, charcoal burning, and poaching were all common prac
during the 1980s, and the association has had to campextensively to change behaviours and attitudes to the a
natural resources. Means o raising awareness have inclu
public consultations, house-to-house inormation campaigns
illustrated poster calendars.
Community awareness-raising eforts have benetted since
rom the presence o a ull-time community organizer empl
by the project using unding rom the ASEAN Regional Centr
Biodiversity Conservation. The community organizer prom
biodiversity conservation in the local community. Employi
7
Community members participate in a tree planting exercise. At least 75% o endemic seedlings are used in the reorestation eforts o the gro
while the remaining 25% are sold to raise unds or the Camalandaan Agroorest Farmers Association and the Bantay Lasang. Tree planting h
ocussed on riparian corridors and along roadsides to prevent soil erosion in the hilly landscape. Source: Ely Alcala.
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articipatory approach, the project has identied all stakeholders
n the area and actively involved a large percentage o the local
ommunity in orest protection. The project has engaged two local
rimary and secondary schools in the dissemination and promotion
wildlie protection materials. One primary school was provided
with a computer that contained locally-produced sotware programs
n the themes o environment and wildlie. These schools are
eriodically provided with reading materials, including publications
rom the HARIBON Foundation. As a result o this project, one o therimary schools won an award as one o the leading environment-
riendly schools in its division.
SOCIOECONOMIC IMPACTS
undamental to improved conservation have been the numerous
mprovements in the social and economic wellbeing o Camalandaan
illagers.
and tenure security and womens empowerment
Chie amongst these has been improved land tenure security or the
ommunity. Prior to 2003, lack o an ocial tenure regime meant that
Camalandaan armers were orced to squat illegally on public land.
his let them open to orced ejection by the government. With no
ong-term tenure security and ew incentives to make investments
n long-term sustainable land management practices, armers would
lear the land or short-term gain and high-return cultivation. Owing
o lobbying eforts by CAFA, these armers are now recognised as
enured migrants, despite living inside areas ocially classied as
ublic orest lands. The community has efectively been granted
and tenure security in return or their participation in biodiversity
onservation and environmental management.
Womens land rights have also improved substantially. Thismprovement was a unction o explicit and thoughtul consideration
y the project in how agricultural zones were demarcated. Women
ommunity members also serve as active members o the orest
warden teams, and as members o the association, while the
ssociations womens committee has ormed the Barangay Council
or Women as part o the local government authority. These
mprovements in gender equality have been supported by public
normation sessions and workshops on amily reproductive health,
ttended by a large number o community members.
Service delivery and resh water provision
Another positive impact resulting rom CAFA work has beenmprovements in the delivery o basic public services to a population
hat has been historically isolated and marginalized. Located in an
pland area that is more than 30 kilometres inland rom a highway,
he village o Camalandaan lacked basic inrastructure in health,
ducation and electricity. CAFA work has provided the community
with legitimacy and visibility, and attracted the attention o both
he government and private sector partners. With this attention
ave come investments in community development projects and
ssistance with public works.
he community initiative has also motivated longer-term land use
decisions and investments, which have in turn restored na
ecosystem service delivery. Greater tree cover has trans
to improved water quality within the watershed. Strategic
planting in degraded areas and the establishment o rip
reserves have helped to mitigate soil erosion and the cloggin
rivers and creeks. In the uture, a water use ee or downstr
communities will be introduced, as watershed improvements
benetted the river systems used or domestic water supply
irrigation by these arming communities. This ee will be integrin charges or irrigation and water supply organizations, and
serve as an additional source o unds or the urther conservatio
the watershed in the uplands area.
Landscape-scale improvements in environmental managem
have also increased the capacity o the Camalandaan comm
to adapt to unpredictable weather conditions. Management o
watershed helps to mitigate against sudden ooding during
rainy season, and against the depletion o water reserves during
dry season. In this way, the work o CAFA has helped to boost
communitys resilience to uture threats posed by climate chan
POLICY IMPACTSCAFA has successully lobbied or the passage o local legisla
The area under community management has been declar
Forest and Watershed Reserve. In addition, the area has been le
delineated as alling under community management. The Sout
Cauayan Municipal Forest and Watershed Reserve is the rst o
kind to be initiated in south-western Negros by a local governm
unit using the countrys Local Government Code as an enabling
ramework. This also heralded the introduction o improved te
security or the communitys armers, a hugely signicant ste
local development and conservation eforts.
A multi-agency watershed management board, which is directe
community members but includes government entities, is ta
with overseeing the conservation o the watershed area. As pa
this efort, the volunteer orest warden teams are now recognize
the government as an ocial arm in orest law enorcement an
the implementation o local legislation.
One characteristic o the Bantay Lasang that has made it particu
efective is its strong leadership and motivated member
These organizational traits have earned the group the cond
o local residents, the local government, and the local oc
the Department o Environment and Natural Resources. St
leadership at the community level has spilled over into leadecapacity at the local government level. In recent barangay elect
several CAFA members were promoted to leading posit
including as punong barangay or barangay captain. This
between community-based action and local government has
integral or orest protection.
Bantay Lasang members report directly to the mayors oc
turn, members are deputized by the mayor and provincial gove
cutting out potential bureaucratic constraints that could inte
on-going orest protection activities.
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Sustainability and Replication
SUSTAINABILITYhe orest warden project is still largely in its ormative phase,
aving been initiated in 2005. Many o the project components
were only made operational in 2006 and 2007. However, the act
hat legislation has been passed and is being enorced with the
ctive participation o the community helps ensure its sustainability.
hrough the project, CAFA has been urther consolidated, and now
ncludes about 90% o the community as its members. The basis o
he project in the communitys work since 1983 is urther proo o its
rganisational capacity and resilience.
n terms o ecological and nancial sustainability, CAFA hopes thatocal tree arms will gradually reduce (and ultimately eliminate)
ommunity dependence on natural orests or ood and livelihood
eeds. The tree arms are being developed to provide CAFA members
with sustainable livelihoods while also maintaining and improving
he ecological unctions o the watershed. Within ve years, it is
oped that most i not all o the presently degraded portions o bufer
ones and other arms that are not ideal or annual crop production
about 2,000 hectares in total will be converted into tree arms.
he collection o water use charges rom downstream users will
lso augment the income o the association members and will be
nvested into training activities, technology transer, procurement o
quipment and tools, and as unds or additional projects, such as
cotourism.
PARTNERS
he Silliman University Andrew King Center or Research and
nvironmental Management (SUAKCREM) has conducted numerous
iological studies within the Camalandaan watershed area. The
artnership between CAFA and the institute began in 2004 when
iologists were deployed to the area, and has greatly contributed
o improved local capacities in conducting biological studies, and
ncreased awareness biodiversity in the area. The nancial and
technical assistance o the Haribon Foundation and ASEAN Reg
Centre or Biodiversity Conservation has contributed signican
this partnership.
The Binhi Sang Kauswagan Foundation has acilitated cap
building or CAFA, particularly in the elds o leadership, nance
project management, inormation and education campaigns
networking and advocacy. The oundation began working in
area in 2000, and has contributed to the continuous developm
and strengthening o the leadership and membership o
organization. In 2007, the Philippine Tropical Forest Conserva
Foundation contributed nancial support or the establishme
150 hectares o tree arms.
Government partners include the local governments o Bara
Camalandaan, the Municipality o Cauayan, the Province o Ne
Occidental, and the national Department o Environment
Natural Resources. At the local, municipal, provincial, and nat
levels, government authorities have made signicant contribu
o human, nancial, and technical assistance which have helpe
sustain the organization, resulting in the adoption o governm
regulations supporting the allocation and management o reso
in the area.
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Tel: +1 646 781 4023
www.equatorinitiative.org
The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) is the UNs global development network, advocating or change
onnecting countries to knowledge, experience and resources to help people build a better lie.
The Equator Initiative brings together the United Nations, governments, civil society, businesses and grassroots organizati
o recognize and advance local sustainable development solutions or people, nature and resilient communities.
2012 by Equator Initiative
All rights reserved
URTHER REFERENCE
Alcala E., Hisona J., Dulla J., and Velasco J. B. 2007. Collaboration Among an Academic Institution, Local Communities and Local Governm
Units in Protecting Wildlie and Forest Habitats in Southwestern Negros Island, Philippines.Silliman Journal. Vol. 48: No.2. pp.71-80.
http://www.equatorinitiative.org/images/stories/com_winners/casestudy/case_1348161612.pdfhttp://www.equatorinitiative.org/images/stories/com_winners/casestudy/case_1348160384.pdfhttp://www.equatorinitiative.org/images/stories/com_winners/casestudy/case_1348162144.pdf
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