case studies undp: sri lanka wildlife conservation society, sri lanka
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7/27/2019 Case Studies UNDP: SRI LANKA WILDLIFE CONSERVATION SOCIETY, Sri Lanka
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Equator Initiative Case StudiesLocal sustainable development solutions for people, nature, and resilient communities
Sri Lanka
SRI LANKA WILDLIFECONSERVATION SOCIETY
Empowered live
Resilient nation
Empowered live
Resilient nation
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UNDP EQUATOR INITIATIVE CASE STUDY SERIES
Local and indigenous communities across the world are advancing innovative sustainable development solutions that wo
or people and or nature. Few publications or case studies tell the ull story o how such initiatives evolve, the breadth
their impacts, or how they change over time. Fewer still have undertaken to tell these stories with community practition
themselves guiding the narrative.
To mark its 10-year anniversary, the Equator Initiative aims to ll this gap. The ollowing case study is one in a growing ser
that details the work o Equator Prize winners – vetted and peer-reviewed best practices in community-based environmenconservation and sustainable livelihoods. These cases are intended to inspire the policy dialogue needed to take local succ
to scale, to improve the global knowledge base on local environment and development solutions, and to serve as models
replication. Case studies are best viewed and understood with reerence to ‘The Power o Local Action: Lessons rom 10 Years
the Equator Prize’, a compendium o lessons learned and policy guidance that draws rom the case material.
Click on the map to visit the Equator Initiative’s searchable case study database.
EditorsEditor-in-Chie: Joseph Corcoran
Managing Editor: Oliver HughesContributing Editors: Dearbhla Keegan, Matthew Konsa, Erin Lewis, Whitney Wilding
Contributing WritersEdayatu Abieodun Lamptey, Erin Atwell, Toni Blackman, Jonathan Clay, Joseph Corcoran, Larissa Currado, Sarah Gordon, Oliver Hughe
Wen-Juan Jiang, Sonal Kanabar, Dearbhla Keegan, Matthew Konsa, Rachael Lader, Patrick Lee, Erin Lewis, Jona Liebl, Mengning Ma,
Mary McGraw, Gabriele Orlandi, Juliana Quaresma, Peter Schecter, Martin Sommerschuh, Whitney Wilding, Luna Wu
DesignOliver Hughes, Dearbhla Keegan, Matthew Konsa, Amy Korngiebel, Kimberly Koserowski, Erin Lewis, John Mulqueen, Lorena de la Pa
Brandon Payne, Mariajosé Satizábal G.
AcknowledgementsThe Equator Initiative acknowledges with gratitude the Sri Lanka Wildlie Conservation Society, and in particular the guidance and inp
o Ravi Correa. All photo credits courtesy o Sri Lanka Wildlie Conservation Society. Maps courtesy o CIA World Factbook and Wikiped
Suggested CitationUnited Nations Development Programme. 2012. Sri Lanka Wildlie Conservation Society, Sri Lanka. Equator Initiative Case Study Series. N
York, NY.
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PROJECT SUMMARYSri Lanka Wildlie Conservation Society works to enablecommunities across the country to balance ecosystemprotection and economic development by exploring waysto resolve human-elephant conict through communitydevelopment, capacity building, and research.
Recognizing that one o the biggest threats to elephants inSri Lanka is conict with humans, oten through crop raiding,and that human settlements are increasingly encroachingurther into elephant habitat, the initiative has workedwith rural communities to develop a range o innovative
mitigation measures. These include the use o solar-powered electrical ences, adjustments in crop cultivationtimerames, and the introduction o alternative crops. The project has also addressed a range o interconnectedsocioeconomic issues such as sustainable land use, capacitybuilding, and gender equality by promoting agroorestryand home garden development, and by extending accessto new technologies and microcredit.
KEY FACTS
EQUATOR PRIZE WINNER: 2008
FOUNDED: 1997
LOCATION: Dehiwala, Sri Lanka
BENEFICIARIES: 16,500 villagers in three provinces
BIODIVERSITY: Asian elephant
3
SRI LANKA WILDLIFE CONSERVATIONSOCIETY Sri Lanka
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Background and Context 4
Key Activities and Innovations 6
Biodiversity Impacts 8
Socioeconomic Impacts 8
Policy Impacts 9
Sustainability 10
Replication 10
Partners 10
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Despite being one o the smallest countries in Asia, Sri Lanka supports
he largest biodiversity per unit o area on the continent. Over the
ast three decades, the pressures o a rapidly expanding population
ave resulted in the country’s globally signicant biodiversity being
hreatened by deorestation, land degradation and the unregulated
xploitation o natural resources. Over 80 per cent o the country’s
atural orest cover has been degraded due to agriculture, irrigation,
ndustrialization, urbanization and logging. Over 22 mammal
pecies, 14 bird species and 280 species o higher plants in Sri Lanka
re currently classied as threatened.
ri Lanka Wildlie Conservation Society (SLWCS) has been proactive
n launching initiatives to prevent the loss o biodiversity, recognizinghe role that healthy ecosystems play in sustaining essential
cological services such as pollination, seed dispersal and natural
est control. SLWCS is committed to the development o innovative
trategies to address human-elephant conicts (HEC), one o the
most pressing environmental and socioeconomic concerns in rural
ri Lanka. Over the past 14 years, SLWCS has established several
andmark projects to address HEC that have been internationally
ecognized and have been emulated in other Asian elephant range
ountries.
A agship species
he Asian elephant (elephas maximus) is one o the most endangeredmega-herbivores on the planet and to conserve viable populations
elephants in the wild is an enormous challenge. Their conservation
s o the utmost importance, as conservation o this agship species
esults in the protection o several other mammal, bird and reptile
pecies in the area. Over the last our decades, the Asian elephant
opulation has declined dramatically, with habitat loss and conict
with humans posing the biggest threats to its survival. As human
ettlements encroach urther and urther into elephant habitat,
ncidences o crop raiding increase and lead to the destruction o
rops, homes and livelihoods.
Human-elephant conict
Even though the people o Sri Lanka and the elephant share a cul
bond that is over 5,000 years old, and the elephant is a living sy
o Sri Lankan culture, human-elephant conicts have becom
critical conservation problem in wildlie management, i not
o the most pressing environmental and socioeconomic conc
in Sri Lanka. Ever year, between 150 and 200 elephants are kille
retaliation by armers or their destruction o crops, while betw
60 and 80 people on average are killed annually by elephants
crisis escalates every year and HECs are now common in eig
Sri Lanka’s nine Administrative Provinces, directly and indir
aecting over three million people.
According to data gathered by the Elephant Conservation Un
the Department o Wildlie Conservation (DWC), rom 1991 to 2
1,138 people were killed by elephants and some 2,844 eleph
were killed by armers. From 2004 to 2007 a total o 3,103 ho
were destroyed by elephants.
In addition to the above losses, the damages caused by eleph
to paddy elds, home gardens, maize, cereal crops and coc
plantations have been estimated at USD 10 million annua
huge cost or subsistence armers to bear. Today, human-elep
conicts dene the relationship between people and eleph
in Sri Lanka. A HEC survey conducted in 1998 showed that ohouseholds in one village, 64 per cent had experienced cro
property damage due to elephant incursions and each house
spent roughly USD 84 per annum on the purchase o HEC mitig
supplies – kerosene oil, recrackers, ashlight batteries and bul
protect their crops and homes. This represents approximately t
per cent o the mean annual income.
Roughly ve square kilometers o land is needed to suppo
elephant without upsetting the natural balance that exists betw
the elephant and the dry zone habitats in which most wi
Background and Context
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esides. The current population o about 3,500 elephants thereore
equires roughly 17,500 km2 or 27 per cent o the total land areaor its exclusive use. The system o protected areas in Sri Lanka,
owever, covers only 12.5 per cent o the land area (or 8,200 km2).
hus, national parks and nature reserves alone cannot ensure the
ong-term survival o the elephant. I elephants are to survive outside
rotected areas in signicant numbers, it is essential that coexistence
etween elephants and human communities be encouraged.
Empowering communities
LWCS’s vision is to help protect and conserve Sri Lanka’s diminishing
iodiversity and to make the local and international community
ware o ongoing threats to it. The organization strives to enable
ommunities to balance ecosystem protection and economicevelopment by pioneering a model or sustainable conservation,
with a particular ocus on mitigating HEC. The organization’s
hilosophy is to work with rather than or communities, so that local
ommunities participate in as well as benet rom conservation and
esearch eorts to save threatened ecosystems, endangered wildlie
nd their habitats.
LWCS’s strategy or sustainable conservation begins with a bottom-
p process o discussions with aected communities to design and
evelop the most eective human-elephant conict mitigation
management solutions through a participatory process integr
with long-term monitoring and evaluation. Communitiesprovided with the necessary capacity building to orm comm
organizations that eventually take control o the project. Th
made possible by SLWCS’s inclusive model. To ensure sustainab
community organizations are encouraged to become indepen
with the SLWCS providing expert guidance and assistance as nee
Fig. 1: Human and elephants deaths in Sri Lanka due to HEC between 1991 and 2010
ource: Department o Wildlie Conservation, Elephant Conservation Unit
0
50
100
150
200
250
1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Elephant Deaths Human Deaths
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Key Activities and Innovations
With managed coexistence between elephants and localommunities the only way to ensure both wildlie conservation and
he sustainable development o communities, SLWCS addresses
uman-elephant conict via a multi-aceted approach. First,
mplementing conict prevention measures that directly reduce
he number o occurring incidents and, second, investigating root
auses o conicts and tackling them with tailored, long-term, case-
pecic strategies.
A direct solution
or short-term direct conict prevention, SLWCS came up with an
mproved encing strategy that allows the highest possible reedom
o elephant movement, while also guaranteeing the highestpossible security o local people and their arms. With regard to long-
erm mitigation strategies, the initiative stresses the importance
o increasing community knowledge o the orest ecosystem
particularly the temporal and spatial distribution o wild elephant
erds and their behavior), putting in place appropriate strategies to
onserve elephant habitat, introducing more ecologically riendly
gricultural practices, and providing villagers with livelihood options
hat are compatible with human-elephant coexistence.
One o the most eective tools averting human-elephant conict is to
ence out crop raiding elephants by installing solar powered electric
ences either along elephant or human ecological boundaries.
LWCS has provided over 50 kilometers o solar-powered electricences so ar, which help to protect the dwellings and elds o armers
rom elephant incursions and also reduce the incidence o violent
ncounters between humans and elephants. Since the beginning
o the project in 1997, SLWCS has erected additional electric ences
n the North, Central, and Eastern Provinces o Sri Lanka. The rst
ommunity-based solar powered electric ence was erected in the
illage o Gamburu-Oya/Pussellayaya in Wasgamuwa in 1998.
or the rst time in Sri Lanka, the project ully integrated community
participation into a process o encing elephants out rom certain
areas (human settlements, elds, etc.) rather than encing theinto protected areas. This approach strives to give elephants m
room outside o national parks, an important step given that
70 per cent o Sri Lanka’s elephant population live outside nat
parks. Based on the initial success o this eort, several more ele
ences were installed to establish a buer o electric-enced villa
allowing more space or elephants to roam and reducing
incidence o elephants coming into conict with humans.
A multi-aceted approach
Constructing ences does not automatically resolve all issue
address all actors that continue to drive elephant populations d
or keep rural subsistence armers marginalized. There are mlevels to this problem, and i eorts are to have maximum ee
range o approaches is needed. One strategy is the incorpora
o landscape-level strategies that support armers in building
capacity to cultivate alternative crops around their lands, as a b
to deter elephants rom coming into villages. It is important to
that crops play a major role in HEC, as most o the crops that ar
cultivate, such as rice, corn, banana, pumpkins, cucumber, ghe
cereals, pulses and sugarcane, are very attractive and highly pala
to elephants. Identiying crops that are not attractive to eleph
and yet bring armers good revenue, is one o the major goals
SLWCS has set itsel in its alternative crop project. This project
launched as a pilot eort to explore how armers that suer req
crop and property damages rom elephants can be supportemitigate those risks through the cultivation o alternative c
such as chili, bitter gourd or citrus, which deter elephants inste
attracting them.
Innovative techniques
Beyond these direct conict prevention measures, a de
understanding o elephant behavior, habitat usage, abunda
movement and distribution are important or the manageme
the elephant population. Some methods to gather this inorma
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uch as radio telemetry and GPS tracking, are very expensive and
me consuming, and so SLWCS has cooperated with the University
Moratuwa to develop an alternative, low-cost and highly eective
ool to gather this inormation - the eleID.
he eleID is an automated elephant identication system that
makes use o acial and pattern recognition sotware. It unctions
s an intelligent database that is loaded with pictures o elephants
nd helps to develop a constantly updated habitat monitoringmechanism. When a picture o an elephant is uploaded into eleID,
specially developed algorithm analyses the picture and searches
he database or previous sightings o that particular animal. I that
nimal has been sighted and captured beore, it identies the animal
nd adds the new picture to the corresponding record. Thereby the
ystem not only acilitates the tracking o elephants’ past movements,
ut also constantly improves the database or uture searches. I
he elephant has not been sighted beore, the system issues a new
dentity to that animal. As the system evolves, the accumulated
ata helps to extract demographic and behavioural inormation on
lephants, which are crucial or elephant habitat protection and or
he development o long-term strategies to mitigate HEC.
A urther advantage o this system is its use o the Google Earth API,
hrough which researchers and the general public rom around the
world can contribute to this process by uploading rontal images o
lephants that they have encountered. Along with these images,
sers can also give additional inormation about the elephant, such
s relative tail length, tail tut inormation, and details o primary
nd secondary ear olds. Due to its accessibility to a large number
users who can upload images to it rom any location, the eleID
ystem eliminates one o the major deciencies in manual image
ased elephant identication. In manual methods, the researchers
r the team involved in the identication task have to recognize
rom memory each and every individual elephant identied. Suchmethod is time-consuming and difcult to use or collaborative
work.
his approach contributes meaningully to the implementation
Elephant Conservation Areas, Managed Elephant Reserves
nd Elephant Corridors, as proposed by the DWC in ITS recently
ormulated national policy or elephant conservation and
management (the National Policy or the Conservation and
Management o Wild Elephants in Sri Lanka, Department o Wildlie
Conservation, 2006). Due to its success in pilot areas, SLWCS plans to
xpand into the North Western Province, a HEC hotspot, where 37
er cent o Sri Lanka’s annual elephant killings occur.
Addressing underlying actors
ince habitat loss is the primary cause o HEC, particularly in the dry
one o the country, an agroorestry project has been undertaken in
he Ampara District o the Eastern Province where 55 armers have
een provided with planting materials, training, irrigation acilities
nd nancial support to reorest their degraded land. Farmers
were encouraged to intercrop using maize ( zea mays), cowpea
vigna unguiculata), groundnuts or peanuts (arachis hypogaea),
and vegetables such as bitter gourd (momordica charantia), rid
gourd (lua acutangula) and okra (abelmoschus esculentus).
intercropping approach provides armers with income until
trees planted or the agroorestry project reach their harves
stage. The average earning rom intercropping per season
armer is LKR 22,995 (Indonesian rupiah), excluding what is u
within the household. An additional benet o intercroppin
that it supplements armers’ incomes, thereby reducing the n
to engage in chena (slash-and-burn cultivation). In the longmature trees provide arming amilies with domestic necess
such as wood, ood, odder, rewood and other resources that red
their dependence on revenues rom timber and other unsustain
extractive activities.
SLWCS has encouraged the development o home gardens a
additional livelihood diversication strategy or arming am
to combat poverty, improve ood security and improve nutri
The SLWCS home garden project was implemented in 11 vill
in the Eastern Province. It provided training in planting, ater
operations and composting and also established six commu
based organizations to monitor and supervize the project’s activ
Baseline biodiversity and GIS surveys were conducted in the
and the mapping o present and past land use practices have b
utilized to envisage landscape-level land management strategi
balance human and animal needs. The project directly benets
households as well as various schools and environmental gro
The project provided selected beneciaries with plants, equipm
training and unds to cover maintenance costs. The long-
objective o this subproject is or beneciaries to generate an inc
rom their home gardens while improving their local environme
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Impacts
BIODIVERSITY IMPACTSAgricultural diversity in Sri Lanka is increasingly threatened
by monocultures, which are responsible or an increase in soil
degradation and a decrease in the soil’s water holding capacity. Such
negative impacts can be observed in most o the areas that have
been converted to monoculture. Establishment o monocultures,
primarily or maize, is also associated with substantial reduction in
biodiversity.
Through its promotion o agroorestry and a holistic approach
o land use, SLWCS has managed to make substantial progress
on biodiversity conservation. More than 100 acres o abandoned
ands were converted into agriculture and agroorestry productionby planting 40,000 plants, leading to the minimization o soil
degradation and the maximization o resource utilization within
hose individual plots. Additionally, the green cover in the area
was increased by establishing and improving 642 home gardens
hrough the planting o 9,630 plants including jackruit (artocarpus
heterophyllus), wood-apple (eronia limonia), tamarind (tamarindus
ndica), cashew (anacardium occidentale), kone (schleichera oleosa),
beli (aegle marmelos), telambu (sterculia oetida), mee (madhuca
ongiolia), kohomba (azadiracta indica) and damba (syzygium
micranthum).
The positive eects o these projects on the environment were
nvestigated through the rst long term biodiversity monitoringtudy in the Lahugala area, conducted in the Eastern Province
rom 2008 to 2010. The surveys speak or themselves, listing a total
o 94 species o buttery, ve species o dragony, twelve species
o amphibian, 109 species o bird, eleven species o mammal, 46
pecies o plant and seven species o vine in the area. Additionally,
he surveys included the third recorded sighting in Sri Lanka o the
White-tailed or Marshall’s Iora (aegithina nigrolutea) in a proposed
groorestry site in Karankowa.
As a result o the HEC mitigation strategies implemented by SLwild elephants are now no longer enced into their conserv
areas, but can ollow their natural paths outside the rese
without getting into direct conict with the villagers. The num
o elephant deaths have decreased dramatically in the areas w
such measures have been implemented.
SOCIOECONOMIC IMPACTS
SLWCS’s ‘Saving Elephants by Helping People’ (SEHP) initiative dir
benets approximately 16,500 villagers in the three provinces w
it is implemented. Prior to the introduction o solar powered ele
ences, 70 per cent o the land was let uncultivated due to eleph
requently raiding the elds.
Data gathered in 1998 rom the village o Pussellayaya, which is
o the SEHP villages, showed that 64 per cent o the 210 househ
surveyed had experienced crop or property damage. Since
initiation o the SEHP project the incidence o such events
reduced dramatically. Following installation o the ences, elep
raids have signicantly decreased (in some villages they have
been averted completely) making it possible or villagers to cult
all o their elds without the risk o a reduced crop yield.
Additionally, armers are now able to cultivate both seasona
annual crops, which was almost impossible beore the installa
o the ences. Accordingly, crop losses are reduced by up to 100cent in some villages, resulting in an average 90 per cent increa
income among aected armers, and this does not include ind
annual savings o roughly LKR 5,400, which were previously spe
items to detect and drive o raiding elephants, such as kerosen
recrackers, and ashlight batteries. Further savings have resu
rom the avoidance o expenses or repair and replacemen
property damage. As a result o the communities’ ability to ma
electric ences, some villages have managed to leverage u
assistance rom the goverment to provide them with electricity
roads and other acilities.
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mproved quality o lie or communities
Beyond these direct economic impacts, there are also numerous
ndirect outcomes that provide the communities with an improved
quality o living. Community members now benet rom more
eisure time, increased mobility and proper rest at night, accruing
rom the act that nightly vigils are no longer needed to deend elds
rom raiding elephants. Until recently, armers oten had to spend
heir nights in tree houses, as their homes on the ground weren’tae at night. In Luhugala, studies have shown that the time spent by
armers on the lookout or elephants has decreased rom nine hours
o 45 minutes during cultivation periods.
Another example o the positive socioeconomic impacts o the
project is Hulunnuge village, where the poorest armers o Sri
Lanka’s Lahugala Division are based. Lacking access to paddy elds,
abandoned chena lands were the only land available or arming.
The SLWCS agroorestry project provided these armers with all the
acilities to cultivate these abandoned lands and thereby managed
o improve their income by an average o LKR 22,995 per armer per
eason.
To urther improve the lives o participating communities, SLWCS
has established six community-based organizations that bring
ogether more than 700 villagers. These organizations provide a
platorm to armers or the peer-to-peer exchange o knowledge
and experience.
POLICY IMPACTS
The Sri Lankan Department o Wildlie Conservation (DWC)
long worked to nd appropriate ways to address HEC. Eorts r
almost exclusively on a encing in strategy that orced elephants
within their conservation areas and thereby reduced their ree
to move and access land. In contrast to that approach, SL
advocates a encing out strategy, providing the elephants with m
exibility and permitting them to cope with the loss o their hawhile achieving the same human-elephant conict mitigation
village protection outcome as the encing in strategy.
With clear indications arising o the wildlie conservation ben
o this approach, SLWCS began to put pressure on DWC of
to change their modus operandi rom a encing in to a en
out strategy and to support SLWCS in its eorts to implem
corresponding pilot projects. Many discussions were nece
to convince the DWC o the merits o the new approach, b
was eventually conceded that SLWCS methods were better su
to mitigating HEC and DWC agreed to replicate the appr
throughout the country.
SLWCS works closely with government departments to ensure
when land is allocated or arming, elephant behavior is accou
or and respected. As a result, rice and banana armers are alloc
land away rom elephant areas, while those growing dete
crops such as chili, bitter gourd or citrus, are provided with la
peripheral areas to provide a buer zone.
9
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Sustainability and Replication
SUSTAINABILITYLWCS projects are almost exclusively unded rom ecotourism
evenues. By working through groups such as Global Vision
nternational, Travellers Worldwide, Worldwide Experience, Frontiers,
nd Tiny Island Volunteers, SLWCS has been able to integrate its
esearch and conservation programs into nature-based tourism
nitiatives.
REPLICATION
ased on the SLWCS’s success, international donors have invited
he organization to replicate its approach in other countries. Thenternational Elephant Foundation was the rst to initiate such a
roject based on the training o eld sta in Indonesia’s Nature
Conservation Agency on a variety o community and environmental
ssues, including rapid rural appraisal (RRA) techniques, which are
ommonly used by SLWCS when implementing human-elephant
onict mitigation strategies.
urther, the Sri Lankan branch o Care International has shown
nterest in replicating some o SLWCS’s methods and projects, in
articular SLWCS’s model o establishing biological ences, in order
o meet their goals.
LWCS’s six community-based organizations also provide platormsor the peer-to-peer exchange o knowledge and experience among
armers.
PARTNERS
The United States Fish & Wildlie Service provided unds or the
SEHP and eleAlert Projects.
The Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA)
provided unds or the SEHP, eleAlert, agroorestry, home garden
and biodiversity survey projects.
• The International Union or Conservation o Nature (I
provided unds or the wetlands assessments.
• The United Nations Educational, Scientic and Cu
Organization (UNESCO) Sri Lanka Mission provided und
conduct assessments o three new nature and cultural site
nominated or World Heritage status.
• Google Earth provided unds or the eleID Project.
• The Nature Conservancy provided unds and sent a team to
with SLWCS to conduct post-tsunami ecological assessmen
2005 and 2006.
• The Central Cultural Fund o Sri Lanka collaborated on
assessments o the three nature and cultural sites to
nominated or world heritage status.
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1111
The Department o Wildlie Conservation requested the help o
SLWCS to address HEC and establish SEHP initiatives.
The Mahaweli Authority o Sri Lanka, a local institution,
requested the help o SLWCS to address HEC and establish SEHP
initiatives.
International Elephant Foundation provided unds or the SEHP
Project.
Disney Wildlie Conservation Fund provided unds or the SEHP
Project.Busch Gardens & Sea World Conservation Fund provided unds
or the SEHP project.
Cleveland Matroparks Zoo, Ohio provided unds or the Habitat
Enrichment Project.
Denver Zoo, Colorado provided unds or the SEHP project and
also sent a curator to conduct eld work in collaboration with
the SLWCS.
Brookeeld Zoo, Chicago provided unds or the SEHP project.
The United Nations Foundation provided unds or the SEHP
project.
Sri Lanka Fire Brigade awarded SLWCS a contract to develop a
GIS-based rapid response system or the Fire Brigade.
World Ed sent a team to work with SLWCS to assess livelihoods
and how they are impacted by HEC in the Northwes
Province.
• Cotswold Outdoor Apparel Company shot their 2007 out
apparel catalogue at SLWCS eld sites and promoted SLWC
the catalog.
• Indonesia Forest Department, Bengkulu Province, Sum
sought the assistance o SLWCS in training their sta.
The ollowing media organizations have produced documenthighlighting SLWCS’s HEC mitigation work: Animal Planet, Disco
Channel, DOC TV-Germany, Greener Media, USA, Young
Television, Mona Lisa Production-France, Animaux TV-Fra
Greener Media’s eature-length documentary has been subm
to eight international lm estivals. National Public Radio-
broadcasted a radio program on SLWCS/The Nature Conservan
post-tsunami ecological assessment work.+++
The ollowing volunteer placement organizations have suppo
SLWCS’s research and conservation programs: Global V
International, Travellers Worldwide, Worldwide Experience, Fron
and Tiny Island Volunteers.
7/27/2019 Case Studies UNDP: SRI LANKA WILDLIFE CONSERVATION SOCIETY, Sri Lanka
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FURTHER REFERENCE
Sri Lanka Wildlie Conservation Society website http://www.slwcs.org/
Khalid, Z. and Dharmasiri, N. 2005. Assessment o Human Elephant Conict in the North West Region o Sri Lanka. Sri Lanka Wildlie Co
vation Society. http://www.equatorinitiative.org/images/stories/2008winners/SL_Wildlie_Con_Soc/assessmentohumanelephant
ict.pd
Lai, Tsung-Wei. 2002. ‘Promoting Sustainable Tourism in Sri Lanka’ in Linking Green Productivity to Ecotourism: Experiences in the
Pacifc Region. Asian Productivity Organization. http://www.equatorinitiative.org/images/stories/2008winners/SL_Wildlie_Con_
promotingsustainabletourism.pd
Corea, C., Dharmasiri, N., Mirandu, S., and Corea, R. GIS Based Rapid Ecological and Resource Utilization Baseline Survey o the Proposed vila UNESCO World Heritage Site. Sri Lanka Wildlie Conservation Society. http://www.equatorinitiative.org/images/stories/2008win
SL_Wildlie_Con_Soc/gisbasedrapidecologicalandresourceutilizationbaselinesurvey.pd
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