catholic counter reformation

To counter the Protestant Reformations, Catholics decided

to enact reforms This movement is known as the Catholic-Reformation The Catholic-Reformation eliminated abuses, clarified

Catholic theology, or religious beliefs, and re-established the pope’s authority over church members

Catholic Counter Reformation

Council of Trent Pope Paul III called a

council of bishops together

Council forbade selling of indulgences

Created seminaries, or religious schools to educate clergy

Clarified Church Teaching Salvation through faith

AND good works Church tradition = to the

Bible as source of truth Latin version of the Bible

only accepted version

Re-established Papal Authority

Re-established the Inquisition – to root out heretics

Introduced Censorship Index of Forbidden

Books

Arts The Catholic Church

used art to further the movement

Established baroque style that emphasized emotion, complexity, and exaggeration

(This is Gian Lorenzo Bernini’s “Apollo and Daphne”)

Began sending missionaries (Jesuit monks) to convert new

members (mainly to the Americas and China)

Spreading Catholicism

He was a Spanish noble Founded the Jesuits Jesuits wore robes like monks but did not

separate themselves from the world Went to different countries to try and convert

people to Catholicism Opened universities in many countries Became advisors to royal courts

St. Ignatius of Loyola

Spanish Nun Strict Catholic Encouraged religious devotion and founding of the

Carmelite order Made a saint when she died

Teresa of Avila

Rulers of the German States signed the Peace of

Augsburg which allowed each German prince to choose the Christian faith of his subjects (Protestant or Catholic)

Results in a division of Europe into a Protestant north and Catholic south…still an issue today

Led to war and religious prosecution

A Divided Europe

St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre

August 24, 1572 3,000 Huguenots

(French Protestants) killed in France

1598 – Edict of Nantes

Religious wars between French Huguenots and Catholics

went on for another 17 years 1598 – Henry of Navarre becomes King of France

Protestant leader of Huguenot nobles Converts to Catholicism in order to become King Issues the Edict of Nantes

St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre

Recognized Catholicism as the official religion of France Huguenots had a right to worship in areas where they were

the majority Could hold public office Edict of Nantes is revoked (“taken back”) in 1685 by

Henry’s grandson, Louis XIV

Edict of Nantes (1598)

Protestant rulers saw a chance to increase power Took wealth and property of the Church New Christian denominations more favorable to business

practices Less domination by Italian-controlled Church

Protestant Support

The Thirty Year War

(1618-1648)

The Thirty Year War was a conflict over religion, territory, and for power among European ruling families.

2 Phases of the War

1. Hapsburg Family (Catholics) was winning The Hapsburgs were

a very wealthy ruling family. For years the head of the Hapsburg family became the German king and Holy Roman Emperor. They were Catholic.

2. Hapsburg Family (Catholics) was defeated

The French began to fear that the Hapsburgs were gaining too much power so the French got involved. Cardinal Richelieu, a French man, dominated the remaining years of the war. Richelieu was a Catholic, but he decided to help the Protestants and sent troops to help them.

**IMPORTANT**

Because Cardinal Richelieu went against his religion of Catholicism, he changed the war from a religious war (Protestant vs. Catholics) to a political war (Hapsburg ruling family vs. the French nobility)

Peace of Westphalia

Ended the 30 Year War Results:

4 million died, trade and agriculture was disrupted and Germany’s economy was ruined 1st: Weakened the Hapsburg states of Spain and

Austria 2nd: Strengthened France by awarding it German

territory 3rd: Ended Religious Wars in Europe

The Renaissance had been a “rebirth” in Europe of

learning, ideas, and beauty. The Protestant Reformation stemmed from the questioning

that humanism encouraged The Catholic Reformation was a response to the abuses

the Protestant Reformation brought to light In the end, Europe is religiously divided

In conclusion…