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Cell Structure & Function
http://koning.ecsu.ctstateu.edu/cell/cell.html
Cell Theory an explanation of the relationship between cells and living things
• All living things are composed of cells.
• Cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things
• All cells are produced from other cells.
Definition of Cell
The basic unit of structure and function in living things
Cells form the parts of an
organism and carry out all of an organism’s processes, or
functions
Seeing Cells
• The invention of the microscope made it possible for people to discover and learn about cells
• Robert Hooke was one of the first people to observe cells using a compound microscope he built in 1663. He looked at a thin slice of cork.
• He thought they looked like tiny rectangular rooms and called the empty spaces cells, which is a word meaning “small rooms”
Examples of Cells Amoeba Proteus
Plant Stem
Red Blood Cell
Nerve Cell
Bacteria
Cells
• Different body tissues and organs are made of different kinds of cells. – Nerve cells make up nerves, brain cells make
up the brain, muscle cells make up muscles
» Muscle Cell
» Red and White Blood Cells
Making New Cells
• Cells are repeatedly dividing resulting in more cells and growth and repair in multicellular organisms
• This process is called mitosis.
Cells Sustain Life
• Many basic functions of organisms occur in cells – Cells take in nutrients and energy to perform
work • Every cell is covered by a membrane that
controls what can enter and leave the cell • Within the cell are specialized parts for the
transport of materials, energy capture and release, protein building, waste disposal, information feedback and movement
Living Systems • Living systems at all levels of organization demonstrate
the complementary nature of structure and function – The level of organization within organisms includes
cells, tissues, organs, organ systems and whole organisms
– Whether the organism is single-celled or multicellular, all of its parts function as a whole to perform the tasks necessary for the survival of the organism
– Organisms have diverse body plans, symmetry and internal structures that contribute to their being able to survive in their environments
Prokaryotic
• Do not have structures surrounded by membranes
• Few internal structures
• One-celled organisms, Bacteria
http://library.thinkquest.org/C004535/prokaryotic_cells.html
Eukaryotic • Contain organelles surrounded by membranes • Most living organisms
Plant Animal
http://library.thinkquest.org/C004535/eukaryotic_cells.html
“Typical” Animal Cell
http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~acarpi/NSC/images/cell.gif
http://waynesword.palomar.edu/images/plant3.gif
“Typical” Plant Cell
Cell Parts Organelles –
a tiny structure that carries out a specific
function within the cell
Surrounding the Cell
Cell Membrane
• Outer membrane of cell that controls movement in and out of the cell
• Double layer
http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html
Cell Wall • Most commonly found
in plant cells & bacteria
• Supports & protects cells
http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html
Inside the Cell
Nucleus
• Directs cell activities • Separated from cytoplasm by nuclear
membrane • Contains genetic material - DNA
Nuclear Membrane • Surrounds nucleus • Made of two layers • Openings allow
material to enter and leave nucleus
http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html
Chromosomes • In nucleus • Made of DNA • Contain instructions
for traits & characteristics
http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html
Nucleolus • Inside nucleus • Contains RNA to build
proteins
http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html
Cytoplasm
• Gel-like mixture • Surrounded by cell membrane • Contains hereditary material
Endoplasmic Reticulum • Moves materials around
in cell • Smooth type: lacks
ribosomes • Rough type (pictured):
ribosomes embedded in surface
http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html
Ribosomes • Each cell contains
thousands • Make proteins • Found on ER &
floating throughout the cell
http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html
Mitochondria • Produces energy through
chemical reactions – breaking down fats & carbohydrates
• Controls level of water and other materials in cell
• Recycles and decomposes proteins, fats, and carbohydrates
http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html
Golgi Bodies • Protein 'packaging
plant' • Move materials within
the cell • Move materials out of
the cell
http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html
Lysosome • Digestive 'plant' for
proteins, fats, and carbohydrates
• Transports undigested material to cell membrane for removal
• Cell breaks down if lysosome explodes
http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html
Vacuoles • Membrane-bound
sacs for storage, digestion, and waste removal
• Contains water solution
• LARGE vacuoles help plants maintain shape
http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html
Chloroplast • Usually found in plant
cells • Contains green
chlorophyll • Where
photosynthesis takes place
http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html
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