center for scientific computing ltd. development of funding models for funet markus sadeniemi csc -...
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Center for Scientific Computing Ltd.
Development of Funding Models for FUNET
Markus Sadeniemi
CSC - Center for Scientific Computing Ltd
Markus.Sadeniemi@csc.fi
tel +358 9 4572711
fax +358 9 4572302
Center for Scientific Computing Ltd.
FUNET
• Finnish University and Research Network• started in 1984• international connections
– EARN in 1985– Internet (NORDUnet) in December 1988
• serves– universities (20), polytechnics (25)– research organisations (25), other (10)
Center for Scientific Computing Ltd.
CSC - Center for Scientific Computing Ltd
• limited company, but– 100% owned by the Ministry of Education– non-profit
• three main services– supercomputer centre– expertise in computational science– FUNET services
Center for Scientific Computing Ltd.
FUNET, background
• originally a joint university project
• still not a customer-provider relation– expenses openly shown to FUNET
member organisations– yearly discussion of budget/fees with
connected organisations
Center for Scientific Computing Ltd.
History
• universities divided into three categories: big, medium, small
• when research institutes and polytechnics joined, more accuracy was needed– eleven categories– based on organisation size = no. of people– staff+students (non-technical divided by 2)
• Ministry of Education paid for all development
Center for Scientific Computing Ltd.
Budget
• FUNET expenses in 1999, MEUR
international connections 3.1FUNET backbone 0.9other 1.2
total 5.2
Center for Scientific Computing Ltd.
NORDUnet line capasity Finland-Sweden
0
50
100
150
200
250
1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000
year
cap
asit
y (M
bp
s)
capacity
planned
150% increase
Center for Scientific Computing Ltd.
NORDUnet line capasity Finland-Sweden
0.001
0.01
0.1
1
10
100
1000
1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000
year
cap
asit
y (M
bp
s)
capacity
planned
150% increase
Center for Scientific Computing Ltd.
Problem: exponential growth
• traffic volume grows 150% / year• international line cost decreases 40% / year
=> 2.5 * 0.6 = 1.5=> increase in international connections
50% / year• increase in national costs less• increase in FUNET budget ~ 30% / year
Center for Scientific Computing Ltd.
FUNET Expenses 1997-2001
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
1997 1998 1999 2000 2001
year
ME
UR NORDUnet
F-backbone
other
Center for Scientific Computing Ltd.
Solution to rising costs
• cut the cost increase– restrict traffic growth
• technically• administratively
• find the money– it still costs < EUR50 / year / computer
• wait for a miracle– collapse of line costs
Center for Scientific Computing Ltd.
Restricting traffic
• administratively– only professional usage, not for hobbies
• for privacy reasons enforcing is problematic
• technically– technical restrictions for students
• no international traffic? no voice/video?• restricted bandwidth for students
– restrict bandwidth for all (the easy way!)
Center for Scientific Computing Ltd.
Market approach
• volume charging– only effective, if you can change the habits
of the end user– charging universities is relatively easy– charging departments in universities
difficult– charging individual students is impossible
both technically and politically
Center for Scientific Computing Ltd.
Working group
• high-level group appointed by Min of Edu• conclusions
– networking is essential– no hard restrictions, money has to be
found– charging based on organisation size,
connection capacity and traffic volume– endorse technical rationalisations (cache)
Center for Scientific Computing Ltd.
Centralised funding?
• centralised funding if– networking still in development phase– networking is something to be endorsed
• user funding, if– Internet is a commodity item (like POTS)
• conclusion– networking still to be endorsed– Min of Edu will pay about 50% centrally
Center for Scientific Computing Ltd.
Requirements for charging model
• left for CSC to decide together with users• several contradictory requirements for
charging– ”fair” in some sense
• reflect true costs• not in conflict with market prices• same regardless of geographic location
– predictable, easy to budget
Center for Scientific Computing Ltd.
Requirements, cont.
• simple– understandable to funding bodies– technically simple now and in the future
• organisation can decide, how much to buy• should endorse good networking practises• must not prevent
– development, new pilot applications– co-operation, free services
Center for Scientific Computing Ltd.
Technical possibilities
• size of organisation (people, budget,..)
• traffic volume– national/international, in/out
• number of computers
• connection capacity
Center for Scientific Computing Ltd.
New charging model
• keep the old fee based on organisation size• price increase covered with volume charge
– international traffic– direction abroad->university– previous years usage– measured during working hours
• (maximum increase 100%)
Center for Scientific Computing Ltd.
Benefits
• predictable, known in advance• volume affects the price, although slowly
– encourages rational usage– discourages the use of the most expensive
resource: inbound international line• doesn’t affect (cheap) national traffic
– OK to have national pilots• doesn’t affect services given to others
Center for Scientific Computing Ltd.
Why not...
• connection capacity– (predictable, easy to understand, easy to
change)– would affect national traffic– might end in having two networks
• one for international connections• bilateral national connections between
universities
Center for Scientific Computing Ltd.
Why not...
• number of computers– technically DNS count– would discourage registering– machines behind firewalls not seen
• national traffic– not important– nuisance to count, sometimes difficult
Center for Scientific Computing Ltd.
The End
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