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Central Nervous System (CNS)Depressants

Alcohol - The Most Familiar CNS Depressant

Chloral Hydrate“Mickey Finn”

The first non-alcohol CNS depressant

Derived from alcohol (1832)

Major Types of Non-alcohol CNS Depressants

Barbiturates

Non-Barbiturates

Anti-Anxiety Tranquilizers

Anti-Depressants

Anti-Psychotic Tranquilizers

Combinations

Barbiturates More than 250 different types 50 accepted for medical use

Derivatives of Barbituric Acid

First produced in 1864

Typically end in “al”

Types of Barbiturates

Non-Barbiturates Synthetic compounds

Avoids some of undesirable side effects Sleepiness & Drowsiness

Primary medical use for insomnia

Still produce physical and psychological dependence

Types of Non-BarbituratesDRUG BRAND NAMES STREET NAMES

Carisoprodol SomaChloral hydrate Felsule, Noctec Knock Out Drops,

Mickey FinnDiphenhydramine Hydrochloride

Benadryl, Sominex

Diphenhylhydantoin Sodium

Dilantin

Eszopiclone LunestaGamma Hydroxybutyrate GHB, Liquid XMethyprylon Noludar

Methaqualone Parest, Quaalude, Sopor, Optimil, Mandrax

Ludes

Paraldehyde ParalZolpidem Ambien

Anti-Anxiety Tranquilizers

First produced in 1950

Known as “Minor” tranquilizers

Benzodiazepines

Typically end in “am”

Types of Anti-Anxiety Tranquilizers

DRUG BRAND NAMES STREET NAMESAlprazolam Xanax Bars, Zanny Bars

Chlordiazepoxide Librium

Clonazepam Klonopin

Diazepam Valium

Estazolam Prosom

Flunitrazepam Rohypnol Roofies, Roches

Flurazepam Dalmane

Lorazepam Ativan

Meprobomate Miltown

Oxazepam Serax

Temazepam Restoril

Triazolam Halcion

Anti-Anxiety Depressants

Psychological depression is “anti”

“Mood elevators”

May cause CNS Stimulant effects

Types of Anti-DepressantsDRUG BRAND NAMESAmitriptyline Hydrochloride Elavil, Endep

Bupropion Wellbutrin

Citalopram Celexa

Desipramine Hydrochloride Norpramin, Pertofrane

Doxepin Hydrochloride Adapin, Sinequan

Duloxetine Cymbalta

Escitalopram Lexapro

Fluoxetine Prozac, Sarafem

Fluvoxamine Luvox

Imipramine Tofranil

Paroxetine Paxil

Phenelzine Sulfate Nardil

Sertraline Zoloft

Venlafaxine Effexor

Anti-Psychotic Tranquilizers

Produced in early 1950s

Known as “Major” tranquilizers

Manage schizophrenia and other mental disorders

Types of Anti-Psychotic Tranquilizers

DRUG BRAND NAMESChlorpromazine ThorazineDroperidol Inapsine, InnovarHaloperidol HaldolLithium Carbonate LithaneLithium Citrate

Combinations Anti-Anxiety Chlordiazepoxide (Librium)

and Anti-Depressant Amitriptyline (Elavil) Trade name: “Limbitrol”

Anti-Anxiety Chlordiazepoxide Hydrochloride and Anti-Spasmodic Clidinium Bromide Trade name: “Librax”

Anti-Psychotic Perphenazine and Anti-Depressant Amitriptyline Hydrochloride Trade name: “Triavil” & “Etrafon”

Methods of Ingestion

Orally InjectionInsufflation

Injection

Paraphernalia similar to Heroin users Larger “gauge” needle used due to Barbiturate

solution being thicker than Heroin Smaller the number, the larger the needle

Injection sites different from Heroin users Large swelling (quarter or fifty cent piece) Lack of track marks Will inject in other parts other than forearms

Necrosis

Arm

Necrosis

Legs

Necrosis

Hands

General Indicators

Reduced inhibitions

Divided attention impairment

Slowed reflexes

Impaired judgment and concentration

Impaired vision

Lack of coordination

Slurred, mumbled or incoherent speech

Emotional instability

Drowsiness

Drunk-like behavior

Droopy eyes

Onset and DurationType Onset Duration

Ultra Short Seconds Very Rapid

Short 10 to 15 min 4 Hours

Intermediate 30 Minutes 6 to 8 Hours

Long One Hour 8 to 14 Hours

Duration of Effects Dosage

Age

Weight

Tolerance Level

Overdose Signs Extremely drowsy (may pass out)

Pulse rapid and weak

Respiration will become shallow

Skin cold and clammy

Drug Matrix Chart

* Soma, Quaaludes and possibly some anti-depressants usually dilate pupils

** Quaaludes, ETOH and possibly some anti-depressants may elevate

HGN PresentVGN Present (High Dose)LACK OF CONVERGENCE PresentPUPIL SIZE Normal *REACTION TO LIGHT SlowPULSE RATE Down **BLOOD PRESSURE DownBODY TEMPERATURE NormalMUSCLE TONE Flaccid