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Centre for Distance & Continuing Education – University of

Peradeniya

Seminar Series for New B.A Candidates (External) – 2018

(Academic Year 2016)

Date: 22.07.2018

Subject: PHYE 102 (Logic and Logical Theory)

Venue: A.T (Arts Theatre)

Session: 01 – (9.00a.m to 11.00a.m)

02 – (11.30a.m to 1.30 p.m)

03 – (2.30p.m to 4.30p.m)

Subject Contents:

Predicate Logic / Theory of Quantification

Logical Fallacies

Indian Logic (Anumana)

Prof P.M. Jamahir

(Professor in Philosophy)

Department of Philosophy

University of Peradeniya

Peradeniya

LOGIC - PHILOSOPHY

01. gadpiyj; ju;f;fk;/msthf;ff; Nfhl;ghL (Predicate Logic/ Theory of Quantification)

msTgLj;jg;gl;l vLg;Gf;fis nfhz;liktJk; mNj rkak;

vLg;Gf;fspd; cs;shu;e;j ju;f;f mikg;gpd; mbg;gilapy; nraw;gLtJkhd xU

FwpaPl;Lj; ju;f;fNk gadpiyj; ju;f;fk; my;yJ msthf;ff; Nfhl;ghlhFk;. RUf;fkhf

tiuaWg;gjhapd; vLg;gsitapay; KiwNghy gadpiyj; ju;f;fKk; xU FwpaPl;L

msitapay; KiwahFk;. mjpYk; nkhopapd; vOtha;> gadpiy kw;Wk;

thf;fpaq;fSld; njhu;Ggl;l ju;f;f KiwahFk;.

,uz;L my;yJ mjw;F Nkw;gl;l cWg;G thf;fpaq;fisf; nfhz;likAk;

$l;L thf;fpaq;fsy;yhj my;yJ gpw vLg;Gf;fis cWg;Gf;fsha;f; nfhz;L mikAk;

$l;nlLg;gpy;yhj vspa vLg;Gf;fis mtw;wpd; ju;f;f mikg;G mbg;gilapy;

tpgupg;gjw;Fk;> FwpaPlhf;Ftjw;Fk;> msTgLj;jg;gl;l vLg;Gf;fshd thjq;fspd;

tha;g;gpid Nrhjpf;fTk; tpUj;jp nra;ag;gl;l etPd msitapay; KiwNa ,JthFk;.

vLg;gsitapay; vLg;Gf;fSf;fpilapyhd njhlu;ig kl;LNk ftdj;jpy; nfhs;fpd;wJ.

Mdhy; gadpiyj; ju;f;fk; vOtha;-gadpiy gjq;fSf;fpilapyhd njhlu;ig

ftdj;jpy; nfhs;fpwJ. NkYk;> ghuk;gupa msitapaypd; FiwghLfis Rl;bf;fhl;lTk;

mf;FiwghLfs; vt;tifapy; epfo;fpd;wd vd;gijAk; Rl;bf;fhl;lTk; ,k;Kiw

cjTfpd;wJ.

gadpiyj; ju;f;fj;jpd; FwpaPl;L nkhop

(Symbolic Language of Predicate Logic)

gadpiyj; ju;f;fj;jpd; xU FwpaPl;L nkhopia tpUj;jp nra;tjw;F gpd;tUk; mk;rq;fs;

mbg;gilahdjhFk;:

1. gadpiyfs; (Predicate)

gadpiyj; ju;f;fj;jpy; gadpiyfs; vd;gJ vspa thf;fpak; xd;wpd;

gz;GfisAk; (Characteristics), njhlu;ghf;f ntspg;ghLfisAk; (Relation

expression) Fwpg;gjhfTs;sJ. gadpiyfSf;fhf Mq;fpy mfutupir njhlupy;

cs;s F njhlf;fk; O tiuAs;s ngupa vOj;Jf;fs; (Capital) gad;gLj;jg;gl

Ntz;Lk;. vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf @

fpspNahngl;uh ,uhzpahths;.

F: a ,uhzp

A: fpspNahngl;uh

FwpaPL: FA

LOGIC - PHILOSOPHY

Fwpg;G: ngau;fSf;Fk; ngau; Rl;Lk; nrhw;fSf;Fk; (mtd;> mts;> ,e;jg; Gj;jfk;>

,J xU Kay; Nghd;wd) A njhlf;fk; E tiuAs;s ngupa Mq;fpy vOj;Jf;fs;

gad;gLj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;. ,q;F tpN\lkhff; Fwpg;gplNtz;ba mk;rk;

vd;dntd;why; gadpiyf; FwpaPL njhlu;ghf ‘a’ vdf; Fwpg;gpLtJ mtrpakhFk;.

,J xU ghuk;gupakhFk;.

2. jdpad; khwpypfs; (Individual Constants)

gadpiyj; ju;f;fj;jpd; jdpad;fspd; (vOtha;)> clikg; nghUshfNt

gadpiyfs; (gz;Gfs;) Rl;bf;fhl;lg;gLfpd;wd. mq;F Fwpg;gpLk; gz;G

vj;jdpaDf;FupaJ vd;gijf; Fwpg;gpLtjw;fhf mj;jdpaDf;Fupa ngaiuf;

nfhLf;fpNwhk;. ,e;jg; ngau;fs; jdpad;fisf; Fwpf;Fk; FwpaPLfshf (khwpyp)

miktJld; Fwpg;gpl;l re;ju;g;gj;jpy; khwhg; ngWkhdj;ijf; nfhz;bUg;gjhYk;

mtw;wpid jdpad; khwpypfs; vd miog;gu;

gadpiyj; ju;f;f mbg;gilapy; FwpaPl;lhf;fj;jpid Nkw;nfhs;Sk; NghJ

jdpad;fisf; Fwpg;gjw;fhf (ngau;fSf;Fk; ngau; Rl;Lk; nrhw;fSf;Fk;)

Mq;fpy mfutupir njhlupy; cs;s A njhlf;fk; E tiuAs;s ngupa

vOj;Jf;fs; gad;gLj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;. vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf@

M[pj; xU ghlfd;

G:a ghlfd;

A: M[pj;

FwpaPL: GA

3. jdpad; khwpfs; (Individual Variables)

Fwpg;gpl;lnjhU gadpiyia gy;NtW jdpad;fs; ngw;wpUf;fyhk;.

vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf@ “Xu; ,iraikg;ghsu;” vd;w gadpiyia tp];tehjd;>

,isauh[h> Njth> u ;̀khd;> `up]; n[auh[; vd gy;NtW jdpad;fs;

nfhz;bUf;Fk; NghJ mjid czu;j;j gad;gLtNj jdpad; khwpahFk;. mjhtJ

khwpfs; khWk; ngWkhdj;ijf; nfhz;lit vd;gNj ,q;F czu;j;jg;gLfpd;wJ.

khwpfSf;fhf gad;gLj;jf; $ba FwpaPLfs; Mq;fpy mfu tupirapy; rpwpa

vOj;Jf;fshd x,y,z my;yJ a,b,c vd;wthwhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;.

vLjJf;fhl;lhf@

tp];tehjd; Xu; ,iraikg;ghsu; - HA

,isauh[h Xu; ,iraikg;ghsu; - HB

Njth Xu; ,iraikg;ghsu; - HC

u ;̀khd; Xu; ,iraikg;ghsu; - HD

`up]; n[auh[; Xu; ,iraikg;ghsu; HE

LOGIC - PHILOSOPHY

Mf> H vd;w gadpiyiaAvd;w jdpad; ngWfpd;wJ.

Fwpg;G: ,q;F gy;NtW jdpad;fSf;fpilNa (A,B,C,D,E),iraikg;ghsu; vd;w

xU nghJr;rhay; fhzg;gLtjhy; ,J Nghd;w jdpg;nghUs; vLg;Gf;fspd;

nghJr;rhaiy ntspg;gLj;j “ϰ” vDk; jdpad; khwpiaAk; gad;gLj;;j KbAk;.

mjhtJ>Hϰ vd vkJ FwpaPl;il vOj KbAk;. Mf> jdpad; khwpypfs;

(HA,HB,HC) vDk; vLg;Gf;fs; jdpad; khwpfshy; gjpyPL nra;ag;gLk; NghJ

mit vLg;G rhu;ghf (Hϰ)vd mikfpd;wJ.

msthf;fpfs; (Quantifiers)

vLg;gpy; “midj;Jk;”> “ahTk;”> “vy;yhk;” vd;w msTr;nrhw;fs; jhk; Fwpg;gpLk;

tFg;gpd; KO mq;fj;Jtj;ijAk; Fwpf;Fk; epiw msTr;nrhw;fshf ,Ug;gjdhy;

mtw;iw epiw msthf;fpfs; vd;gu;. ,jid (Λ) vDk; FwpaPl;by; Fwpg;gu;.

mt;thNw “rpy”> “gy”> “ngUk;ghYk;”> Nghd;w nrhw;fs; Fwpg;gpl;l vOthapd;

rpy mq;fj;Jtq;fisr;; Rl;Ltjhy; ,tw;iw Fiw msthf;fp vd;gu;. ,jid (Ѵ )

vDk; FwpaPl;by; Fwpg;gu;. ,e;j msthf;fpfSld; ϰ ,y,z /a,b,c Nghd;w khwpfis

cld; gpuNahfpf;Fk; NghJ mJ vy;yh re;ju;g;gq;fSk; tiuaWf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ

my;yJ vy;iyg;gLj;jg;gl;ljhFk;. mjhtJ msTf;Fgl;ljhFk; (Bound)

vd;gjif; Fwpf;fpd;wJ. vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf;Λϰ , Ѵϰ vd mikAk;. Mf> X vDk;

khwp vy;yhr; re;ju;g;gq;fSk; tiuaWf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ vd;gijf; Fwpj;J epw;Fk;

xU #j;jpu tbtj;ij Λϰ (FϰGϰ ) vd vOjyhk;.

vLg;G FwpaPL

A Λϰ(FϰGϰ)

E Λϰ(Fϰ~Gϰ)

I Ѵϰ(Fϰ^Gϰ)

O Ѵϰ (Fϰ ^~Gϰ )

LOGIC - PHILOSOPHY

msthf;f mDkhd tpjpfs; (Rules of Quantification)

msthf;f vLg;Gf;fspdhy; mikAk; thjq;fspd; typikia ep&gpf;f gad;gLj;jg;gLk;

gpuj;jpNaf mDkhd tpjpfis msthf;f mDkhd tpjpfs; vdg;gLk;. ,t;tpjpfs; epiw

msthf;fpfSld; (Λϰ ) njhlu;Ggl;lhjhf epiwj; jdpahf;fk; kw;Wk; cs;nghUs; (Fiw)

msT toq;fpAld; (Ѵϰ ) njhlu;Ggl;ljhf cs;nghUs; jdpahf;fk;> cs;nghUs;

nghJikahf;fk; vd ,uz;Lkhf %d;W tpjpfis mwpayhk;:

I. epiw jdpadhf;f tpjp (ep.j) (Principle of Universal Instantiation)

epiw msthf;fj;jpypUe;J ve;jnthU jdpaidAk; typjhd

Kiwapdhy; mDkhdpf;f KbAk; vd ,t;tpjp $Wfpd;wJ. ,t;tpjpapd;

FwpaPl;Ltbtk;:

𝛬𝛼𝜙𝛼

𝜙𝛿 =

𝛬𝜘𝐹𝜘

𝐹𝑦 =

𝛬𝑥𝐹𝑥

𝐹𝐴 =

Λϰ(F𝑥G𝑥)

,t;tpjpapd; gpuNahfj;ij gpd;tUk; thjj;jpd; %yk; Gupe;J nfhs;syhk;;

vy;yhkdpju;fSk; ,wg;gtu;

mup];Nuhl;by; xUkdpjd;

/mup];Nuhl;by; ,wg;gtu;

RUf;fj;jpl;lk;: F:a kdpju;fs;

G:a ,wg;gtu;

A: mup];Nuhl;by;

FwpaPL: Λ𝑥 (F𝑥G𝑥).FA / GA

1. fhl;Lf.GA

2. Λ𝑥(F𝑥G𝑥) ( v.$I)

3. (FAGA) (2 ep.j)

4. FA (v.$II)

5. GA (3>4 tp.tp)

LOGIC - PHILOSOPHY

Fwpg;G: ,e;jg; ngWifapy; 3k; tupapy; 2k; tupia

epiwj; jdpahf;fk; nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ. epiwj; jdpahf;f tpjpapd; gb msthf;f

FwpaPl;L tbtnkhd;wpd; msthf;fj;jpid (Λϰ ) ePf;fp ‘𝑥’ vDk; jdpad; khwpf;Fg;

gjpyhf ‘A’ vDk; ngau; FwpaPl;bdhy; gjpyPL nra;ag;gLfpd;wJ.

II. cs;nghUs; nghJikahf;f tpjp (c.ngh)

The principle of Existential Generalization)

VjhtnjhU cz;ikahd vLg;G

rhu;gpd; gjpyPl;Lj; jdpadpypUe;J me;j vLg;Gr; rhu;gpd; Fiw msthf;fj;jpid

mDkhdpf;fyhk; vd;fpwJ ,t;tpjp. ,t;tpjpapd;

FwpaPl;L tbtk; gpd;tUkhW mikAk;;

V𝛼фα =

V𝑥F𝑥 =

𝐹𝐴^𝐺𝐴

𝑉𝑥(𝐹𝑥^𝐺𝑥)

,t;tpjpapd; gpuNahfj;ijgpd;tUk; thjj;jpd; %yk; Gupe;Jnfhs;syhk;.

Λx(F𝑥G𝑥). Λ𝑥 (G𝑥H𝑥) / FAѴ𝑥 (G𝑥ΛH𝑥)

fhl;Lf.FAѴ𝑥 (G𝑥ΛH𝑥)

fhl;Lf.Ѵ𝑥(G𝑥ΛH𝑥)

Λx(F𝑥G𝑥)

(FAGA)

Λx(G𝑥H𝑥)

(GAHA)

(GA^HA)

Ѵ𝑥(G𝑥^𝐻𝑥)

(ep.ng.v)

(v.$I )

(4 ep.j)

(2>5 tp.tp)

(v.$ II)

(7 ep.j)

(6>8 tp.tp)

(6>9 ,.tp)

(10 c.ngh)

LOGIC - PHILOSOPHY

Fwpg;G: ,e;jg; ngWifapy; 5k; tupapy; 4k; tupepiwj; jdpahf;fk; nra;ag;glLs;sJ.

mt;thNw 8k; tupapy; 7k; tupAk; epiwj; jdpahf;fk; nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ. ,Wjpahf 11k;

tupapy; 10k; tup cs;nghUs; nghJikahf;fk; nra;ag;gl;L ngWif Kw;Wg; ngw;Ws;sJ.

III. cs;nghUs; jdpahf;f tpjp (c.j) (The principle of Existential Instantiation)

vLg;G rhu;nghd;wpd; Fiw msthf;fj;jpypUe;J mjdJ gjpyPl;Lj; jdpadpd;

cz;ikia mDkhdpg;gij ,t;tpjp tpsf;FfpwJ. ,t;tpjpapd;

FwpaPl;Ltbtk; gpd;tUkhW;

Vαфα

фβ =

Fy/Fa =

Vx(Fx^Gx)

(Fy^Gy)/(Fa^Ga) =

Vx(Fx^Gy)

(Fʒ^Gy)/(Fa^Gy)

,t;tpjpapd; gpuNahfj;jpid gpd;tUk; thjj;jpd; %yk; Gupe;Jnfhs;syhk;;

Λϰ (FϰGϰ )(Ѵϰ FϰѴϰGϰ )

1. fhl;Lf.Λϰ (FϰGϰ )(Ѵϰ FϰѴϰGϰ )

2. Λϰ (FϰGϰ ) (ep.ng.v)

3. fhl;Lf (Ѵϰ FϰѴϰGϰ )

4. Ѵϰ Fϰ (ep.ng.v)

5. Fy (4c.j)

6. FyGy (2 ep.j)

7. Gy (5>6 tp.tp)

8. ѴϰGϰ (7 c.ngh)

Fwpg;G: ,e;jg; ngWifapy; 5k; tupapy; 4k; tupcs; nghUs;

jdpahf;fk; nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ. 6k; tpupapy; 2k; tupiaepiw jdpahf;fk;

nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ. ,Wjpahf 8k; tupapy; 7k; tupia cs;nghUs; nghJikahf;fk; nra;J

ngWif Kw;Wg; ngw;Ws;sJ mwpaj;jf;fJ.

Nkw;$wpa %d;W tpjpfspd; RUf;fj;ij gpd;tUkhW $wyhk;;

LOGIC - PHILOSOPHY

I. epiwj;jdpahf;ftpjp (ep.j)

𝛬𝑥(𝐺𝜘Hϰ) vd;gJ ngWifapd; tupahf ,Uf;Fkhdhy; mg;NghJ epiwj;

jdpahf;f tpjpiag; gad;gLj;jp (𝐺𝐴𝐻𝐴)vd;gijg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;sKbAk;.

mNjNghy; (GyHy) vdTk; ngw;Wf; nfhs;syhk;. 𝛬𝑥𝐻𝑥 ,Ue;jhy; Hʒ ngw;Wf;

nfhs;s KbAk;.

II. cs;nghUs; nghJikahf;f tpjp ( c.ngh)

Fϰ vd;gJ ngWifapd; tupahf tUk; NghJ cs;nghUs; nghJikahf;fy;

tpjpiag; gad;gLj;jp Ѵ𝑥𝐹𝑥 vd;gijg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;sKbAk;. mNjNghy~H𝑥

tUk;NghJ Ѵ𝑥~H𝑥 vdg;ngw KbAk;. (F𝑥^G𝑥) vd tUk;NghJ Ѵ𝑥 (F𝑥^G𝑥)

vdTk;> Λy(FzGy) vdtUk; NghJ Ѵ𝑥𝛬𝑦(𝐹𝑥Gy) vdTk; ngw;Wf;nfhs;s

KbAk;.

III. cs;nghUs; jdpadhf;f tpjp (c.j) Fiwj; jdpadhf;fk;

ngWif xd;wpd; tupirapy; Ѵ𝑥(𝐹𝑥^𝐺𝑥)vd;gJ ,Ue;jhy; mjw;F cs;nghUs;

jdpahf;ftpjpiag; gad;gLj;jp (Fy^Gy) vdg;ngw KbAk;. Ѵϰ Fϰ vd tUk;NghJ

Fy vd;Wk; ngw KbAk;. khwpfs; Gjpaitahf ,Ug;gjhapd; Ѵ𝜘(𝐹𝑥v𝐺𝑥)

vd;gjid Fiwjdpadhf;fk; epfo;j;Jfpd;w NghJ (Fy v Gy) vdTk; my;yJ

(Fʒ VGy) vdTk; ngw;Wf; nfhs;s KbAk;. Ѵy(𝐹𝑥^𝐺𝑦)^𝐻𝐵 vdTk; Fiwj;

jdpahf;fj;jpy; ,Ue;J (𝐹𝑥^𝐺ʒ)^𝐻𝐵 vdTk; #j;jpu tbtj;ijAk; ngwyhk;.

V𝑥~𝐹𝑥 ,Ue;jhy; ~Fy vdg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;s KbAk;.

gapw;rp- I

1. fPo;tUk; FwpaPl;L thjq;fis typjhdJ vdg; ngWif Kiw %yk; fhl;Lf.

I. II. Λ𝑥(F𝑥^𝐺𝑥)/ Λ𝑥G𝑥

1. fhl;Lf. Λ𝑥G𝑥

2. Λ𝑥(F𝑥^𝐺𝑥) v.$

3. Fϰ ^Gϰ 2 ep.j

4. Gϰ 3 v.tp

LOGIC - PHILOSOPHY

II. Λ𝑥(𝐹𝑥𝐺𝑥). Λ𝑥[G𝑥(𝐻𝑥 v 𝐼𝑥)]. Λ𝑥(F𝑥~𝐼𝑥) /(Ѵ𝑥F𝑥Ѵ𝑥H𝑥)

1 fhl;Lf.(Ѵ𝑥F𝑥Ѵ𝑥H𝑥)

2 Ѵ𝑥F𝑥 (ep.ng.v)

3 Fy (2. c.j)

4 Λ𝑥(𝐹𝑥𝐺𝑥) (v.$I)

5 (FyGy) (4 ep.j)

6 Gy (3>5 tp.tp)

7 Λ𝑥[G𝑥(𝐻𝑥v𝐼𝑥)] (v.$II)

8 [Gy(Hy v Iy) (7 ep;.j)

9 (Hy v Iy) (6>8 tp.tp)

10 Λ𝑥(F𝑥~𝐼𝑥) (v.$ III)

11 (Fy~Iy) (10 ep.j)

12 ~Iy (3>11 tp.tp)

13 Hy (9>12 k.tp)

14 Ѵ𝑥𝐻𝑥 (13 c.j)

gapw;rp II

RUf;fj; jpl;lj;jpid je;J fPo;tUk; thjj;jpid FwpaPl;lhf;fk; nra;J mjid

typjhdJ vd ngWif Kiw %yk; fhl;Lf.

mjp\;lrhypfs; midtUk; mwpTs;stu;fs;

rpy mjp\;lrhypfs; tho;f;ifiaj; njhiyj;jtu;fs;

MfNt mwpTs;stu;fspy; rpyu; tho;f;ifiaj; njhiyj;jtu;fs;

RUf;fj; jpl;lk;: F:a mjp\;lrhypfs;

G:a mwpTs;stu;fs;

H:a tho;f;ifiaj; njhiyj;jtu;fs;

LOGIC - PHILOSOPHY

I. Λϰ (FϰGϰ ). Ѵϰ (Fϰ ^Hϰ ) /Ѵϰ (Gϰ ^Hϰ )

1. fhl;Lf.Ѵϰ(Gϰ^Hϰ)

2. Ѵϰ(Fϰ^Hϰ) (v.$ II)

3. (Fy^Hy) (2 c.j)

4. Λϰ (FϰGϰ ) (v.$ I)

5. (FyGy) (4ep.j)

6. Fy (3 v.tp)

7. Gy (5>6 tp.tp)

8. Hy 3 v.tp)

9. (Gy^Hy) (7>8 ,.tp)

10. Ѵϰ(Gϰ^Hϰ) (9 c.ngh)

Fwpg;G: Nkw;fhl;ba gadpiyj; ju;f;f FwpaPl;L tbtpy; Kjy; vL$w;whf epiw

msthf;fkhf ,Ue;j NghjpYk; ,uz;lhtjhfTs;s Fiwmsthf;f vL$w;Nw

nra;iff;F vLj;Jf; nfhs;sg;gl;Ls;sJ. Mf> gadpiyj; ju;f;f ep&gz Kiwapy;

epiwj; jdpahf;fkh? cs;nghUs; jdpahf;fkh? Kjypy; nra;iff;F vLg;gJ vdf;

Nfl;lhy; cs;nghUs; jdpahf;fj;jpd; gpd;Ng epiwj; jdpahf;fkhFk;. Vnddpy; Fiw

msthf;fj;jpypUe;J mDkhdpf;fg;gLk; mjdJ gjpyPl;Lj; jdpadpd; ngau; FwpaPL

Gjpjhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd typAWj;JtjyhFk;.

LOGIC - PHILOSOPHY

II. Λy(Fϰ ^Gy) /Fϰ ^Gϰ

1. fhl;Lf.

Fϰ ^Gϰ

2. Λy(Fϰ ^Gy) (v.$)

3. Fϰ ^Gϰ (2 ep.j)

III.Λϰ FϰΛyFy

1 fhl;Lf.Λϰ FϰΛyFy

2. fhl;Lf.Λϰ FϰΛyFy

3. Λϰ Fϰ (ep.ng.v)

4. fhl;Lf. ΛyFy

5. Fy (3 ep.j)

6. fhl;Lf.ΛyFyΛϰ Fϰ

7. ΛyFy (ep.ng.v)

8. fhl;Lf.Λϰ Fϰ

9. Fϰ (7 ep.j)

10. Λϰ FϰΛyFy (2>6 ep.ep.,.ep.tp)

LOGIC - PHILOSOPHY

IV. Fϰ ^Gy/Λʒ (Fʒ ^Gʒ )

1. fhl;Lf. Λʒ (Fʒ ^Gʒ )

2. fhl;Lf. Λϰ Fϰ

3. Fϰ ^Gy (v.$)

4. Fϰ (3 v.tp)

5. fhl;Lf. ΛyGy

6. Fϰ ^Gy (v.$)

7. Gy (6 v.tp)

8. Fʒ (2 ep.j)

9. Gʒ (5 ep.j)

10. (Fʒ ^Gʒ ) (8>9 ,>tp)

msitapay; Nghypfs; (Logical Fallacies)

msitapayhdJ nrk;ikahd rpe;jid tsu;r;rpf;F cjTtNjhL> gy;NtW Jiwfspd;

tsu;r;rpf;F mbg;gilahd Mokhd rpe;jid xOq;if Vw;gL;j;Jfpd;wJ. ,r;rpe;jidapy;

Vw;gLfpd;w jtWfis jtpu;j;J mjid rPu; nra;tjd; %yk; nka;awpT ngwg;gLfpd;wJ.

,jw;F Nghyp gw;wp mwpT mtrpakhFk;.

msitapayhsu;fs; “Nghyp” vDk; nrhy;iy ifahSk; NghJ mJ VjhtnjhU jtwhd

a+fj;ijNah my;yJ Nghypahd ek;gpf;ifiaNah Fwpg;gplhky; xUtif khjpupj;

jtWfis (Typical errors) Fwpg;gpLtjhf nfhs;tu;. mjhtJ rhjhuz Ngr;R tof;fpy;

nghJthf vOfpd;w jtWk; mit njd;gLfpd;w thjq;fis Kw;whf xopj;J tpLfpd;w

jtWkhFk;. xt;nthU NghypAk; gpioahd thjj;jpd; xUtifahFk;. xU Fwpg;gpl;l

tif jtW njd;gLfpd;w xUthjk; me;j Nghypiag; Guptjhfr; nrhy;yg;gLfpd;wJ.

vdNtjhd; epahapj;jypy; cs;s xUjtNw “Nghyp” vd tiutpyf;fzg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.

epahag;gLj;jy; gpioahfg; Nghff; $ba mjpf topfs; cz;L. typjhdJ Nghyj;

LOGIC - PHILOSOPHY

Njhd;Wfpd;w typjw;w thjq;fisNa ,t;thW $Wfpd;Nwhk;. cz;ikapy; vk;khy;

Vw;Wf;nfhs;s Kbahj typjw;w thjq;fs; typjhdJ Nghyj; Njhw;wkspg;gpd; mitNa

Nghypfs; vdg;gLk;. “thjq;fs; kdpju;fisg; Nghy mbf;fb Vkhw;Wk; jd;ik tha;e;jd”

vd gpNsl;Nlh $WtJk; mtjhdj;jpw;FupaJ.

Nghypfs; Mgj;jhdit Vnddpy; vq;fspy; mNefu; gy;NtW re;ju;g;gq;fspy;

Kl;lhsf;fg;gLfpd;wdu;. MfNt typjhdJ Nghyj; njd;glf; $ba Mdhy; Nrhjidapd;

NghJ mt;thW my;y vd ep&gzkhfpd;w thjj;jpd; xUtifahf Nghypia

tiutpyf;fzk; nra;fpd;Nwhk;. mit njspthf tpsq;fpf; nfhs;sg;gLfpd;w NghJ

jtWfs; jtpu;f;fg;gl $bjhfTs;sjhy; ,e;j jtwhd thjq;fis Muha;e;J ed;ik

gaf;Fk; Kd;ndr;rupf;ifahf ,Ug;gJ Kw;ghJfhg;gpw;F rkkhFk;.

cz;ikapy; xU Fwpg;gpl;l thjk; xU Nghypiag; Gupfpd;wjh? vd;gJ me;j thjj;jpy;

,lk; ngWfpd;w nrhw;fSf;F toq;fg;gLfpd;w mu;j;jj;jpy;> fUj;jpNyNa

jq;fpapUf;fpd;wJ. thjq;fspy; vj;jid tif jtWfs;> Nghypfs; ,dq;fhzg;glyhk;?

KjyhtJ xOq;F Kiwikahd msitapayhsuhd mup];Nuhl;by; (The First

systematic Logician) gjpd;%d;W tifg; Nghypfis ,dq;fz;lhu;. mz;ikf; fhyq;fspy;

Ehw;Wf;Fkjpfkhd Nghypfisf; nfhz;l xUgl;bay; tsu;r;rpaile;Js;sJk;

ftdj;jpw;FupaJ. nghJthdJk; Vkhw;Wk; jd;id nfhz;lJkhd ju;f;fg; Nghyp

tbtq;fs; ,uz;L tifahf gpupj;J tpsf;fg;gLk;.

I. epakg;Nghyp

II. epakkpy; Nghyp

,g;Nghyp tbtq;fis tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tJ my;yJ mwpe;J nfhs;tJ epahag;gLj;jypy;

cs;s gpur;rpidf;Fupa jtWfisf; fz;Lgpbf;ff; $ba ty;yikia toq;Fk; vdyhk;.

epakg;Nghyp (Formal Fallacies)

msitapay; tpjpfs;> mikg;Gfs;> xOq;Ffs;> epakq;fs; kPWg;gLfpd;w NghJ

epfo;fpd;w ju;f;fj; jtNw epakg;Nghyp vdg;gLk;. vdNt thjj;jpdNjh vL$w;wpdNjh

fUj;jg;gw;wp Nehf;fhJ kPwg;gl;l tpjpfis kl;Lk; Nehf;FtJ epkag; NghypahFk;.

fPo;tUk; cjhuzq;fis Nehf;FNthk;@

fy;tp fw;w midtUk; nka;apayhsu; Mtu; - A

Gj;jpAs;s midtUk; nka;;apayhsu; Mtu; - A

/ Gj;jpAs;s midtUk; fy;tpfw;Nwhu; Mtu; - A

LOGIC - PHILOSOPHY

,q;F epakg;Nghypapy; cs;slq;Fk; mDkhdg; Nghyp Vw;gl;Ls;sJ. mjhtJ Clf

mDkhdj;jpy; Jha mWjp epahaj;njhilapd; msT tpjpapd;gb> “eLg;gjk;

vL$w;Wf;fspy; Xuplj;jpyhtJ tpahg;jpaile;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;.” vDk; tpjpia kPwp

eLg;gj tpahg;jpailahg; Nghyp Vw;gl;Ls;sJ. ,Nj Nghd;W ehw;gjg; Nghyp> rhj;jpag;

gjj;jpd; Kiwaw;w Nghyp> gf;fg;gjj;jpd; Kiwaw;w Nghyp> ,U vjpu;kiw vL$w;Wg;

Nghyp> ,Ukiw vL$w;Wg;Nghyp> fhupa cld;ghl;Lg; Nghyp kw;Wk; fhupa kWg;Gg;

Nghypfs;> cwo;Tg; Nghyp kw;Wk; cld; mDkhdj;jpy; Vw;gLk; gy;NtW tif

epakg;Nghyp tbtq;fisAk; khztu;fs; cjuzj;Jld; fhl;l KbAk;.

epakkpy;g; Nghypfs; (Informal fallacies)

epakg; Nghypfs; vkJ rhjhuz ciuahlypy; Vw;gLtJ tof;fk;. rhjhuz ciuahlypy;

epfOk; re;Njfk;> njsptpd;ik> rpf;fy;> nghUj;jkpd;dik Nghd;wtw;wpd; fhuzkhf

Vw;gLk; nghUs; rhu;e;j my;yJ fUj;j uPjpahd NghypfNs epakkpy;g; Nghypfs; vdg;gLk;.

vdNt thjj;jpd; mikg;gpy; ftdk; nrYj;jhJ mjd; nghUspy; ftdk; nrYj;Jfpd;w

NghJ ahjhapDk; jtWfs; Gyg;gLkhapd; mq;F epakkpy; Nghyp vw;gl;Ls;sJ

vdf;fUjyhk;. epakkpy;g; Nghypfspd; fPo; gytPdkhd njhFj;jwpg; Nghypfs; (fhfjhypa

epahag;Nghyp> khf;fs; epahag;Nghyp> mwpahik epahag;Nghyp> Neuy; jlj;jy; Nghyp)

,lk;ngWtJk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. ,dp Kf;fpa epakkpy;g; Nghypfs; rpytw;iw

cjhuzq;fSld; Nehf;fyhk; :

1. KbT Nkw;nfhs;sy; Nghyp ( Petitio Principii)

KbT Nkw;nfhs;sy; Nghyp vd;gJ $wpaJ $wy; Nghyp tifiar; rhu;e;j njhFj;jwp

ju;f;fg; NghypahFk;. ,g;Nghyp vLg;Gf;fis Nghjpa Mjhukpd;wp ntspg;gil

cz;ikahff; fUjpf; nfhs;sy; vDk; nghUspy; tUfpd;wJ. ,jd;gb epWtg;gl

Ntz;ba vLg;nghd;W ep&gzkpd;wp Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gLtNj KbT Nkw;nfhs;sy;

NghypahFk;. NkYk; ehk; tpUk;Gk; cz;ikfis my;yJ vkf;F gof;fkhd

cz;ikfis ntspg;gilahd cz;ikfs; vd kaq;FtjhYk; ,g;Nghyp Vw;;gLfpd;wJ.

Fiw vLg;NghL ,ize;j epiw vLg;G xd;wpid vJtpj Mjhukpd;wp

VW;Wf;nfhs;tjhYk; ,g;Nghyp Vw;gLfpwJ. vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf@

I. “mjpNtf g];tz;b xd;W ghupa tpgj;jpy; Guz;lJ. mJ mjpNtfkhf Xba

g];tz;bahf ,Ug;gjdhy; jhd;”

,q;F mjpNtf g];tz;b xd;W ghupa tpgj;jpy; Guz;lJ vd;w $w;W

ep&gpf;fg;glhky; mJ mjpNtfkhf Xba g];tz;b vd;w juitNa Kbthff;

fhl;bajhy; ,t;Tiu KbT Nkw;nfhs;sy; NghypahFk;.

LOGIC - PHILOSOPHY

II. nka;apayhsu;fs; Ez;zwpTs;stu;fs;. mtu;fs; mt;thwpy;yhtpl;lhy; mtu;fs;

nka;apayhsu;fs; my;y.

,q;F nka;apayhsu;fs; Ez;zwpTs;stu;fs; vd;w $w;W

ep&gpf;fg;glhky; jhd; vLj;Jf;nfhz;l Kbtpw;F Vw;g fhuzq;fis nfhLf;Fk;

NghJ KbTk; mjw;Nfw;w tifapy; thjkhf mike;jpUg;gjdhy; ,t;thwhd

Nghyp Vw;gLfpwJ. ,j;jifa Nghyp tbtq;fis %d;whf Nehf;fyhk;@

i. Kbtpd; $WNkw;Nfhly; Nghyp

ii. rf;fu ep&gzg;Nghyp

iii. nghUe;j KbTg;Nghyp

i. Kbtpd; $WNkw;Nfhly; Nghyp (Fallacy of presumption)

,t;tifg;Nghyp vL$w;Wk; KbT $w;Wk; xd;whf miktjhy; Vw;gLtjhFk;.

mjhtJ vL$w;wpd; xU gFjpiaNa kPz;Lk; Kbthf Kd;itf;fg;gLk;. ,q;F

mDkhdj;jpd; Xu; mbNyNa Nghyp epfo;fpd;wJ. vLj;Jfhl;lhf@

I. mgpd; kdpjid cwq;fr; nra;fpwJ Vnddpy; mjw;F epj;jpiua+l;Lk; Fzk;

cs;sjhy; vd;W $Wk; NghJk;>

II. kfpe;j rpe;jidapd; fPo; Kd;nkhopag;gl;l Xuhapuk; ghlrhiyfs; rl;lj;jpdhy;

vy;yhg; ghlrhiyfspYk; Nghjidapd; juk; caUkhdhy; ,J ehl;bd;

fy;tpapd; juj;ij cau;j;Jtij Nehf;fkhff; nfhz;lJ vd fy;tp mikr;ru;

thjpLk; NghJk; Kbtpd; $WNkw;Nfhly; Nghyp ,lk;ngw;wpUg;gij

mtjhdpf;fyhk;.

ii. rf;fu ep&gzg;Nghyp (Fallacy of Circle in reasoning)

KbT Nkw;Nfhsy; Nghypapd; gpupnjhU tbtkhd rf;fu ep&gzg;Nghypia Roy;

epahak;> tl;l tbtg;Nghyp vdTk; miog;gu;. vL$w;wpypUe;J vLj;Jf; nfhs;Sk;

KbthdJ ,ilapy; ngupaNjh rpwpaNjh ,ilntsp tpl;l gpd;du; Kbthf

jug;gLk; NghJ ,g;Nghyp epfo;fpd;wJ. jutpy; vLf;fg;gl;l KbthdJ ,ilapy;

NtW rpy thu;j;ijg; gpuNahfq;fspd; gpd; kPz;Lk; jutpy; $wpaNj Kbthff; $Wk;

KiwiaNa rf;fu ep&gzg;Nghyp vdg;gLk;. vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf@

i. tpQ;Qhd Kiw vd;w ghlk; tpQ;Qhdj;jpd; Kiwfis Muha;fpwJ.

tpQ;Qhd Kiwfs; tpQ;Qhd uPjpahdit. MfNt tpQ;Qhd Kiw

tpQ;Qhd uPjpahdJ.

LOGIC - PHILOSOPHY

ii. gads;sit mwpTs;sjhFk;. ,dpikahdit mwpTs;sjhFk;. mwpTs;sJ

,dpikahdJ. MfNt gaDs;sJ mwpTs;sJ jhd; vd mikAk; NghJ

Nghyp Vw;gLfpd;wJ.

iii. nghUe;j KbTg;Nghyp (Fallacy of Irrelevant Conclusion)

ju;f;f uPjpahd Kbit vLf;Fk; NghJ ,g;Nghyp epfo;fpd;wJ. Kbtpd; NghJ Neu;

gu];guj;ij Vw;Wf;nfhz;L vjpu;kiw Vw;gLtjhf ,jpy; Rl;bf;fhl;lg;gLfpwJ.

Neuy; ngWif KiwapYk; nghUe;jh KbT gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.

vL$w;WfSf;fpilNa njhlu;G ,Ug;gJ Nghy; ,Uf;Fk; Mdhy; ed;F

mtjhdpj;jhy; mJ nghUe;jh Kbthf mike;jpUf;Fk;. vL$w;Wf;Fk;

KbT$w;Wf;Fk; ,ilapy; ju;f;fg; nghUj;jkpy;yhj NghJ Vw;gLk; Nghypahf

,jidf; nfhs;tu;. vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf@

cyfpy; Ntnwe;j ehl;ilAk; tpl ,yq;ifapy; jhd; mjpfstpyhd thfd

rhujp gapw;rpg; ghlrhiyfs; cs;sd. mjpfstpyhd tPjp tpgj;Jf;fs; elg;gJ

Ntnwe;j ehl;ilAk; tpl ,yq;ifapy; jhd;. MfNt tPjp tpgj;Jf;fis mfw;w

Ntz;Lkhapd; thfd rhujp gapw;rpg; ghlrhiyfis ehk; %btpl Ntz;Lk;.

Mf> xUtu; jhd; ep&gpf;f tpUk;Gtij cz;iknad vLj;Jf; nfhz;L jhd;

Kd;itf;Fk; vLNfhs;fs; nghUe;jh> nghUsw;w Kbitj; jUtjw;F ,t;tifg; Nghyp

fhuzkhFk;.

2. mwpahik epahag; Nghyp my;yJ tpfw;g KbTg;Nghyp (Ignoratio Elenchi)

epakkpy;g; Nghypfspd; fPo; ,lk;ngWfpd;w gytPdkhd njhFj;jwpTg; Nghyp tif

,JthFk;. mwpahik kdg;ghq;fpdhy; epahak; $w Ntz;ba tplaj;jpw;Fg; gjpyhf

kaq;fp gpw tplak; gw;wp thjpLk; Nghnjy;yhk; mwpahik epahag; Nghyp Vw;gLk;. NkYk;

ve;j tplaj;ijg; gw;wp thjpl Ntz;LNkh mjw;F Gwk;ghdtw;iwg; gw;wp thjpLtJk;

xU $w;wpd; kWg;G epWtg;glhj epiyapypUe;J mjid Rl;bf;fhl;b mf;$w;wpd; tpjpg;ig

epWt Kay;tjhy; mwpahik epahag;Nghyp Vw;gLfpwJ. ,jid tpfw;g KbT vdTk;

$Wtu;. ehk; vLf;Fk; KbT vJntd njspthf czu;e;jpUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. ,y;iyNay;

,g;Nghyp Vw;gLk;. Vida tifg;Nghypfis tpl mwpahik epahaNghyp kpf

,yFthfTk; mjpfkhfTk; epfo;tjhFk;. vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf@

I. ngNuuh vd;gtd; fs;Nsh my;yJ rhuhaNkh my;yJ kJrhuk; fye;j

FbtiffisNah Fbg;gij vtUk; vr;re;ju;g;gj;jpYk; fhztpy;iy vd;gjdhy;

epr;rakhf ngNuuh Fbfhudy;y.

LOGIC - PHILOSOPHY

ngNuuh Fbfhudy;y. vd;gij Muha;eJ tpjpg;gpid mwpahky; mtd;

Fbfhudy;y vd;w kWg;gpid epWt Kay;tjhy; mwpahik epahag;Nghyp

epfo;e;Js;sJ.

II. Gyd;fle;j fhl;rp xd;W ,Ug;gij ep&gpg;gjpy; ,Jtiu ahUNk ntw;wp

ngwtpy;iy. MfNt Gyd; fle;j fhl;rp vd;gJ xU fl;Lf;fij.

,t; ciuapy; Gyd; fle;j fhl;rp Fwpj;j kWg;ig mwpahky; mjd; tpjpg;ig

ep&g Kay;tjhy; Nghyp Vw;gl;Ls;sJ.

III. gy tUlq;fshf jpU.ngNuuhtplkpUe;J ve;jj; jfty;fSk; fpilf;ftpy;iy.

Fiwe;j gl;rk; mtiur; re;jpj;j xUtiuahtJ ehk; re;jpf;ftpy;iy.

re;Njfkpd;wp mtu; ,we;J tpl;lhu;.

gy tUlq;fshf jpU.ngNuuhtplkpUe;J ve;jj; jfty;fSk; fpilf;ftpy;iy.

mtiu re;jpj;j xUtiuahtJ ehk; re;jpf;ftpy;iy vd;w kWg;gpid mwpahky;

mtu; ,we;J tpl;lhu;. vd;w tpjpg;ig epWt Kay;tjhy; Vw;gLtJ mwpahik epakg;

NghypahFk;.

,k;%d;W ciug;gFjpfspYk; KbT njspthf ep&gpf;fg;gl;ljhf

vLj;Jf;fhl;lg;gLfpwJ. cz;ikapy; KbT Mjhuj;Jld; vLj;Jf; fhl;lg;gltpy;iy

vd;gijNa mwpahik epahag;Nghyp typAWj;Jfpd;wJ.

I. Ms; epahag; Nghyp (Argumentum ad Hominem)

mwpahik epaha Nghypapd; gpupNjhu; tifahd Ms; epahag; NghypahdJ xUtuhy;

cUthf;fgl;l cz;ikia my;yJ nfhs;ifia rupahdNjh md;Nwy; jtwhdNjh

vd epidg;gjw;Fg; gjpyhf $wpatiu gw;wp mtUila elj;ij> Fztpay;G> xOq;fPdk;

Mfpatw;iw Rl;bf;fhl;b mtUila $w;iw Vw;f kWg;gjhFk;. ,g;Nghypia ghku

kf;fspilNa> murpay;thjpfspilNa> ,yf;fpathjpfspilNa> rkathjpfspilNa

epfOk; thjq;fspYk; Nkilg;Ngr;Rf;fspYk; mtjhdpf;fyhk;. NkYk; xUtUila

Ke;jpa fhy eltbf;iffis Rl;bf;fhl;b xU Kbtpw;F Vw;Gilajd;Nwh vd thjpLk;

NghJk; ,g;Nghyp Vw;gLfpwJ. vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf@

I. mur jug;G tof;fwpQu; Fw;wk; Rkj;jg;gl;ltd; Fw;wthspjhd; vd;gij epWtf;

fLikahf Kad;whu;. mur jug;G tof;fwpQu; vd;w tifapy; mtu; mt;thW

jhd; Kay;thu;. mjpy; Mr;rupag;gl xd;Wkpy;iy. vdNt mtuJ thjq;fis

cz;ikahit vd;W fUjj; Njitapy;iy.

II. xOf;fj;ijg; gw;wp Nghjfu; “X” $Wk; fUj;Jf;fis vk;khy; Vw;Wf; nfhs;s

KbahJ. Vnddpy; mtu; rpWtu; J\;gpuNahfk; Fw;wj;ijg; Gupe;J tpl;L

jiykiwthf tho;gtu;.

LOGIC - PHILOSOPHY

III. ePl;Nr vd;gtupd; ,Ug;gpay;thjk; ngWkjpahdjy;y; Vnddpy; flTs; ,y;iy.

flTs; ,we;J tpl;lhu;. flTisf; nfhd;W tpl;Nlhk; vd mtu; $wpajd; %yk;

flTSf;F vjpuhd ghtf;fhuu;. ePl;Nrapd; ,Ug;gpay;thj rpe;jidfis fUj;jpw;

nfhs;shky; rka epiyikfis fUj;jpy; nfhz;L mtUila rpe;jid

ngWkjpahdjy;y vdf; $w Kidtjhy; Nghyp Vw;gl;Ls;sJ.

II. khf;fs; epahag; Nghyp (Argumentum ad populum)

mwpahik epahag; Nghypapd; gpupNjhu; tifr; rhu;ej; gytPdkhd njhFj;jwpg;

NghypahFk;. ,jd;gb xU nfhs;if my;yJ fUj;ij Mjhuq;fSld; ep&gpf;fhJ

nrhw;fs; %yk; rhjhuz kf;fis czu;r;rptrg;gLj;jp mtu;fsJ Kw;Nfhl;lq;fisg;

gad;gLj;jp jkJ fUj;ij my;yJ nfhs;ifia ep&gpf;f Kay;tNj khf;fs; epahag;

NghypahFk;. mjhtJ rhjuhz kf;fis kpifg;gLj;jpa nrhw;fs; %yk; jk;trg;gLj;jp

mtu;fspd; Mjuitf; nfhz;L xU epahaj;ij Kd;itj;jyhFk;.

I. ez;gNu! ftpQu; m\;u/g; rp`hg;jPdhy; vOjg;gl;l “xU Flk; jz;zPu;” vDk;

ehtiyj; jaT nra;J Kbe;jtiu tpiutpy; thrpAq;fs;. Vw;fdNt rpy Mapuk;

gpujpfs; tpw;W Kbe;Jtpl;ld. ,d;W mNefkhdf xt;nthUtUk; ,ijg;

gw;wpj;jhd; NgRfpd;wdu;.

II. lhu;tpdpd; gupzhkf; nfhs;ifia Vw;ff; $lhJ fhuzk; mJ ek; Kd;Ndhu;fis

Fuq;fpd; topte;jtu;fs; vd;W $WfpwJ.

,t;tpU ciufSk; jk;fUj;ij Mjuhq;fSld; vLj;Jf; fhl;lhky;

kf;fis jk;trg;gLj;jp jk;ik type;J epahag;gLj;Jtjhy; Nghyp epfo;fpd;wJ.

III. mQ;Qhdg; Nghyp (Argumentum ad ignorantiam)

mwpahik epahag; Nghypapd; gpupnjhU tbtkhFk;. vt;tifapYk; ep&gpf;fg;glhj

$w;Wf;fis Nfl;gtu; jdJ mwpahik fhuzkhf ep&gpf;fg;gl;lit vd

ek;gpf;nfhz;L mtw;iw Vw;fr;nra;jNy mQ;Qhd epahag;NghypahFk;.

vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf@

flw; fd;dpfs; ,y;iy vd ep&gpg;gJ fbdk;. Mifahy; flw;fd;dpfs; ,Uf;fpd;wd

vd;W $Wk;NghJ ,g;Nghyp Vw;gLfpd;wJ. Vnddpy; ,J cz;ikapy; ep&gpf;fg;gl;l

$w;wd;W.

IV. nfsut epahag;Nghyp my;yJ gf;jp epahag;Nghyp ((Argumentum ad Vereccundiam)

,g;NghypAk; mwpahik epahag;Nghyp tifiar; rhu;e;jjhFk;. ghuk;gupak;> kuG

Mfpatw;wpd; Jiznfhz;L xUthjj;ij nka;apg;gpg;gjhy; ,g;Nghyp Vw;gLfpwJ. ,jd;

LOGIC - PHILOSOPHY

%yk; kjpg;gpw;Fupa Mjhuk; xd;iw fhl;b $w;iw Vw;fr; nra;tjhFk;. mjhtJ

kjpg;gpw;Fupa ngupatu; xUtu; mf;fUj;ij Mjhupf;fpd;whu; my;yJ vjpu;f;fpd;whu;

vd;gjd; %yk; thjj;ij nka;g;gpf;f Kay;tJ NghypahFk;. Xu; Mjhuj;jpd; ghy;

nfhz;Ls;s mjpfkhd kjpg;G my;yJ gf;jp fhuzkhf jug;gl;l Xu; vLg;gpw;F

MjuthfTk; vjpuhfTk; jug;gl;l thjj;jpid NrhjpahJ tpLk; kdg;ghd;ikapdhy;

Nghyp Vw;gLfpwJ. ,e;j thjj;ij NkNyhu; $w;W epahak; (ipse dixit) vd;Wk; $Wtu;.

vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf@

I. gpNshl;Nlh> igjf;fu]; Nghd;w Gfo; ngw;w nka;apayhsu;fs; kWgpwg;gpid

ek;gpAs;sdu;. MfNt kWgpwg;gpYs;s cz;ikj; jd;ikapy; IaNkw;gl;l xU

epahakkpy;iy.

II. ePu; ,e;jf; nfhs;ifia> fUj;ij Vw;f Ntz;Lk;. my;yJ ,e;j khw;wj;jpid

Mjupf;f Ntz;Lk;. Vnddpy; Nguhrpupau; kz;ilad; mjid Mjupf;fpd;whu;.

,e;j ,U ciug;gFjpfspYk; Fwpg;gpl;l egu;fis Mjhuj;jpd;ghy; nfhz;L

epahaj;ij Vw;fr; nra;tjdhy; Nghyp Vw;gl;Ls;sJ.

3. mjpfhug; Nghyp (Argumentum ad Authority )

Fwpj;j Jiw rhu;e;j mwpT> mDgtk; vJTkw;w xUtu; mj;Jiw gw;wp NgRk; NghJ

,g;Nghyp Vw;gLfpd;wJ. NkYk; Fwpj;j Jiwapy; tpN\lj;JtKs;stu;fspd;

fUj;Jf;fis mj;Jiw rhuhj xUtu; kWjypj;Jg; NgRk; NghJk; ,g;Nghyp Vw;gl

tha;g;Gz;L. vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf@

I. cyf moF uhzp jdJ tapw;W Nehit ePf;Ftjw;F Digusi mps kUe;J

vLf;fpd;whs;. cyf moF uhzpf;F gytifahd tapw;W NehTfs; ,Uf;Fk;

vd;gJ re;Njfj;jpe;F ,lkw;w tplak;. vdNt Digusi mps jhd; tapw;W Nehtpw;F

rpwe;j kUe;J.

cyf moF uhzpia Nkw;nfhs;fhl;b tapw;W Nehtpw;F Digusi mps

kUe;ij rpghu;R nra;J NgRk; NghJ mjpfhug; Nghyp Vw;gLfpd;wJ. mjhtJ

cyf mofp rUkj;ij Ngh\pf;fTk; kpUJthfTk; tdg;ghfTk; itj;jpUg;gJ

Fwpj;j mDgtKilatNu jtpu kUj;Jt Jiwrhu; epGzj;Jtk; ngw;wtuy;y.

II. Nguhrpupau; rf;jP\; gy tUlq;fshf Muha;r;rp nra;J njhy;nghUspay; Jiwf;F

Gjpa Nfhl;ghLfs; gytw;iw toq;fpa Gfo; ngw;w Gyikahsu;. MfNt

jiytypf;fhf kpfr; rpwe;jJ vd mtuhy; mwpKfg;gLj;jpAs;s Vapo Rup

kUe;jpidg; gad;gLj;j ,UKiw Nahrpf;f Ntz;bajpy;iy.

LOGIC - PHILOSOPHY

Nguhrpupau; rf;jP\; njhy;nghUs;j; Jiwapy; gy Muha;r;rp nra;J Gfo; ngw;w

GyikahsNu jtpu jiytypf;fhd kUe;J gw;wpa epGzj;Jtk; ngw;wtuy;y.

MfNt Nguhrpupaiu jiytypf;fhd kUe;jpw;F Nkw;nfhs; fhl;bg;NgRk; NghJ

mjpfhug; Nghyp epfo;fpwJ.

4. fhfjhypag; Nghyp (Fallacy of post hocergo propeter hoc )

fhuz fhupag; Nghyp tifiar; rhu;e;j gytPdkhd njhFj;jwpg; Nghyp tbtq;fspy;

xd;whf ,jidf; nfhs;tu;. “,jdhy; ,J” vd thjpLk; Nghyp tbtk; vd;Wk;

Fwpg;gpLtu;. vjpu;ghuhj tpjkhf my;yJ jw;nrayhf ele;j Kd; epfo;r;rp xd;iw

mLj;J ele;j gpd; epfo;r;rp xd;wpw;F fhuzk; vdf; $Wtjhy; Vw;gLk; Nghyp

fhfjhypag; NghypahFk;. mjhtJ jtwhd fhuzj;ij my;yJ fhuzkpy;yhj

fhuzj;ij $Wtjdhy; ,g;Nghyp Vw;gLfpwJ. mtrug;gl;L epjhdj;ij ,oe;J

tpLtjhy; ngUk;ghYk; vkf;Fj; Njhd;Wk; Kw;fUj;ijNa tpsf;fkhff; nfhs;fpNwhk;.

,jdhNyNa ,g;Nghyp Vw;gLfpd;wJ. vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf@

I. ghu;itahsu;fs; kQ;rs; njhg;gp mzpe;J eldk; Mbajdhy;jhd; fle;j ,U

khjq;fshf ele;j Nghl;bfspy; ,yq;if fpupf;nfw; mzp Njhy;tp fz;Ls;sJ.

mLj;J tUk; fhyj;jpyhtJ ,yq;if fpupf;nfw; mzpg;Nghl;bfspy;

Njhy;tpailtijj; jtpu;f;f Ntz;Lkhapd; ghu;itahsu;fs; kQ;rs; njhg;gp

mzpe;J eldkhLtij iftpl Ntz;Lk;.

II. kioAld; vjpu;ghuhj tpjkhff; Nfl;l ,bNahir kio nga;af; fhuzkhFk;.

,q;F Kbtpw;Fk; Nkw;NfhSf;Fk; mjhtJ Fwpj;j epfo;r;rpf;Fk;

tpistpw;Fk; vJtpjj; njhlu;Gk; fhzg;glhj NghJk; njhlu;gpUg;gjhf thjpLk;

NghJ ,g;Nghyp Vw;gLfpd;wJ.

5. jbab epahag; Nghyp (Argumentum ad baculum / Appeal to force)

,J mjpfhug; Nghyp tbtq;fspy; xd;W. xUtu; jdJ> jhd; rhu;e;j fl;rpapd;> FOtpd;>

,dj;jpd; nfhs;ifia my;yJ fUj;ij Mjhuj;Jld; nka;gpf;f Kbahj

re;ju;g;gj;jpy; jdj gyj;ijAk;> rf;jpiaAk; gad;gLj;jp NeubahfNth my;yJ

kiwKfkhNth mt;mgpg;gpuhaj;ij Vw;fr; nra;jNy jbab epahakhFk;. ,J

xUtdpd; rf;jpiaAk;> gyj;ijAk;> nry;thf;ifAk; vLj;Jf; fhl;LNkad;wp thjj;jpd;

nrk;ikiaf; fhl;lhJ. vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf@

I. ruj; ,d;W khiy cdJ irf;fpis vdf;Fj; jUtha; vd;W njupAk;. ,d;W eP

ghlrhiyf;F nry;ytpy;iy vd;gij cd; jha; mwptij eP tpUk;g khl;lha;.

LOGIC - PHILOSOPHY

II. ckJ epjp epiyikiaf; ftdj;jpy; nfhz;lhy; ck;ik vkJ mikg;gpy; Nru;j;J

nfhs;SkhW MNyhriz $wj; Njhd;WfpwJ. cile;J nehUq;fpg; Nghd

ad;dy;> fjTfs;> tPl;Lj; jsghlq;fs; vd;gtw;Wld; nehUq;fpg; Nghd thfdk;

Kjypatw;wpd; e\;lj;ijAk; ftdj;jpy; nfhz;L ghu;j;jhy; vkJ mikg;gpy; ePu;

mq;fj;jtuhf Nruhky; ,Uf;f KbahJ vd;gij ck;khy; ed;F czu KbAk;.

,q;F KbT Mjhuj;Jld; ep&gpf;f Kbahky; ,t;thwhd MNyhriz kw;Wk;

mr;RWj;jy; %yk; jdJ fUj;ij Vw;fr; nra;jy; jbabthjg; NghypahFk;.

6. mDjhg topg;Nghyp my;yJ gupT epahag;Nghyp (Argumentum ad misericordiam)

,J nghUe;jh KbTg;Nghyp tifiar; rhu;e;j njhFj;jwp jw;ju;f;fg; NghypahFk;.

,jid ,uf;fg; Nghyp vdTk; miog;gu;. xU thjj;jpy; ntw;wp ngWtjw;fhf jtwhd

topapy; mDjhgj;ij ngw Kay;tNj mDjhg topg; NghypahFk;. mjhtJ thjp

mDjhgj;jpw;Fupa my;yJ ,uf;fj;jpw;Fupa Mjhuk; xd;iwf; fhl;b Kbnthd;wpw;Fr;

nry;fpd;w epiyapy; ,g;Nghyp Vw;gLk;. ,g;NghypahdJ xUtu; ,d;ndhUtiu

vg;gbahtJ fhg;gw;w Ntz;Lk; vd epidf;Fk; NghJ vOfpd;wJ. vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf @

I. nfsut rhghehafu; mtu;fNs! gpujk ePjpauru; fyhepjp rpuhzp gz;lhuehaf;f

kPjhd Fw;wg; gj;jpupf;ifia kPsg; ngw Ntz;Lk; . Vnddpy; mtu; ,yq;ifapd;

Kjw; ngz; gpujkepjpauru; mjpYk; $l mtu; rpwe;j jhAkhthu;. mj;Jld;

mtUf;F Foe;ijfSk; cz;L. NkYk; Z Gs;sp njhlu;ghf khzt r%fj;jpw;F

rpwe;j jPu;g;igf; nfhLj;jtuhthu;.

,e;j ciuapy; Fw;wk; nra;atpy;iy vd;gJ Mjhuj;Jld;

vLj;Jf;fhl;lg;glhky; gpujk ePjpauru; kPJ ,uf;f czu;it Vw;gLj;Jtjd; %yk;

mtu; kPjhd Fw;wg;gj;jpupifia kPsg;ngw Kay;tjdhy; ,g;Nghyp epfo;fpd;wJ.

II. mjpgu; mtu;fNs! gl;bdp fplf;Fk; ngw;NwhUf;Fk;> tyJ Fiwe;j kidtpf;Fk;

VO gps;isfSf;Fk; cztspf;f Ntz;bapUg;gjdhy; rk;gs cau;tpw;F ehd;

jFjpahdtd;.

,t;Tiuapy; rk;gs cau;tpw;fhd epahakhd fhuzq;fis Kd;itf;fhky;

jd; FLk;g epiyiaf; $wp ,uf;f czu;it Vw;gLj;jp cau;tpw;F Kay;tjhy;

Nghyp epfo;fpwJ.

7. mrpj;jg; Nghyp (Fallacy of non sequitur)

,jid njhlu;gpd;ik epahak; vdTk; miog;gu;. mjhtJ KbT vL$w;Wf;fspypUe;J

ju;f;fKiwapy; ngwg;glhjjd; tpisthf epfo;tNj mrpj;jg;NghypahFk;.

vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf@

LOGIC - PHILOSOPHY

I. rpWtu; ghJfhg;Gj; njhlu;ghf jdp mikr;Rk; ,Jtiu ,y;yhj rl;ljpl;lq;fSk;

,d;W fhzg;gbDk; $l rpWtu; ghypay; J\;gpuNahfk; ehSf;F ehs; mjpfupj;j

tz;zk; cs;sJ. MfNt rpWtu;fis ghypay; J\;gpuNahfj;jpypUe;J

ghJfhg;gjw;Fr; nra;a Ntz;baJ vd;dntdpy; mJ njhlu;ghf cs;s jdp

mikr;irAk; rl;ljpl;lq;fisAk; $Lkhdtiu mfw;wp tpLtNjahFk;.

rpWtu;fis ghJfhg;gjw;F cupa fhuzq;fisf; fz;L rpWtu; ghypay;

J\;gpuNahfj;jpypUe;J rpWtu;fisg; ghJfhg;gjw;Fg; gjpyhf rpWtu; ghJfhg;Gf;

Fwpj;j jdp mikr;irAk; mjd; rl;ljpl;lq;fisAk; mfw;wp tpLtJ vd;gJ

ju;f;f uPjpahd KbT my;y. Mf> ,t; ciuapy; ju;f;f uPjpahf KbT

ngwg;glhjjhy; mrpj;jg; Nghyp epfo;e;Js;sJ.

II. f.ngh.j. rhjhuz juj;Nju;T ehbfs; mwpTs;stu;fs;. MfNt Nju;T ehbahd

ruj; mwpTs;stdhthd;.

,t; ciug;gFjpia gpupg;Gg; Nghypahf epidf;f

Ntz;bajpy;iy. ,J mrpj;jg;NghypNa. Vnddpy; KbTiu vL$w;Wf;F

khw;whfNtAs;sJ. KbTiuapy; ngau; Fwpg;gpl;l ‘ruj;’ vt;tif guPl;irf;Fupa

Nju;T ehb? vd;gJ milahsg;gLj;jg;glhjjhy; mrpj;jg; Nghyp epfo;fpd;wJ.

8. jlj;jw; Nghyp (Fallacy of Accident)

nghJtthd tpjp my;yJ tplaq;fis mtjhdkpd;wp vy;yhr; re;ju;g;gq;fspYk;

gad;gLj;Jk; NghJ ,t;thwhd Nghyp epfo;tijf; fhzyhk;. xU nghJthd tpjpia

mjw;F xg;ghd nghUj;jkhd rk;gtq;fSf;F gad;gLj;jhJ fUj;jpd;wp

nghUj;jkpy;yhj re;ju;g;gj;jpYk; gpuNahfpf;Fk; NghJ ,j;jifa Nghyp epfOk;.

cjhuzkhf@ ahuhtJ xUtu; gpupnjhUtiu fj;jpahy; ntl;bdhy; mtu;

Fw;wthspahff; fUjg;gLthu;. rj;jpu rpfpr;irapd;NghJ itj;jpau; Nehahspapd;

mDkjpAld; mtupd; tapw;iw ntl;b rj;jpurpfpr;ir nra;jhYk; mtu;

Fw;wthspahthu;. vdf;nfhs;Sk;NghJ ,g;Nghyp Vw;gLfpd;wJ.

,jpy; ,uz;L tbtq;fs; cs;sd:

I. Neu; jlj;jw; Nghyp

II. kiw jlj;jw; Nghyp

i. Neu; jlj;jw; Nghyp (Direct fallacy of accident)

rhjhuz epiyikfspy; nghJthf cs;s ,ay;ig rpwg;ghd re;ju;g;gq;fspy;

nghUe;Jk; vd; nfhs;tjhy; ,g;Nghyp epfOk;. vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf@

LOGIC - PHILOSOPHY

[dehaf murpy; Ngr;Rr; Rje;jpuk; murpay; ahg;gpd; %yk; ghJfhf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

MfNt ,df;fytuj;jpw;F JhgkpLk; Ngr;Rf;fis ahNuDk; Ngrpdhy; mtiu

ifJ nra;tJ [dehaf Rje;jpuj;ij kPWtjhFk; vdg;NgRtJ Neu; jlj;jw;

NghypahFk;.

ii. kWjiy jlj;jw;Nghyp (Counter fallacy of accident)

rpwg;ghd rpy rkaq;fspy; kl;Lk; xU tplaj;jpw;Fs;s gz;gpid nghJthf

vy;yhr; re;ju;g;gq;fspYk; nghUe;Jfpd;w gz;ghf fUJtjhy; my;yJ

fhl;Ltjhy; epfOk; NghypahFk;;. vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf@

cly; eykpd;wp ,Uf;Fk; nghOJ Nehahsp gLf;ifapy;

Xa;ntLg;gJ ey;yJ. vdNt vg;nghOk; gLf;ifapy; Xa;ntLj;Jf; nfhz;bUg;gJ

cly; eyj;jpw;F ey;yJ vd;W tpthjpf;Fk; NghJ kWjiy jlj;jw; Nghyp

epfo;fpd;wJ.

9. gy;tphdg; Nghyp (Fallacy of Complex Question)

ePjp kd;wj;jpy; FWf;F tprhuizapd; NghJ rl;lj;juzpfs; ,g;Nghypia mjpfk;

gad;gLj;Jtu;. ,k;Kiwapy; KbTiu Vw;fdNt xg;Gf; nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wJ. mjhtJ

jhd; epiy epWj;j tpUk;Gk; cz;ikia my;yJ tpilia mbg;gilahf; nfhz;L

Nfl;fg;gLk; Nfs;tpfSf;F ve;jtifapy; tpilaspg;gpDk; mJ Fw;wj;ij

xg;Gf;nfhs;sf; $bajhf mikAk; re;ju;g;gq;fspy; ,g;Nghyp epfo;fpd;wJ.

vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf@

I. cdJ kidtpf;F mbg;gij ,g;NghJ tpl;L tpl;lhah?

II. eP Fbg;gij epWj;jp tpl;lhah?

,t;tpU Nfs;tpfSf;Fk; ‘Mk;’ vd;W gjpy; $wpdhy; mtd; Vw;fdNt kidtpf;F

mbg;gtdhfTk;> Fbfhudhf ,Ue;jtd; vd;gJk; xg;Gf; nfhs;sg;gLfpwJ. ‘,y;iy’

vd;why; mtd; ,d;Dk; kidtpf;F mbg;gtdhfTk;> Fbfhudhf ,Ug;gJk;

xg;Gf;nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wJ. ,e;epiy fhuzkhfNt Nghyp epfo;fpd;wJ.

10. ,U nghUs;g;Nghypfs; (Fallacy of Ambiguity)

nkhopg; Nghypfshd ,it ,yf;fzj; njsptpd;ikapdhy; epfOk; nrhw;gjq;fis

jtwhfg; Gupe;J nfhs;tjhYk; xU nrhw;gjk; ,uz;L nghUspy; tUk;NghJk; epfOk;

Nghyp tbtq;fshFk;. ,jw;Fs; gpd;tUk; tbtq;fs; cs;slq;Fk;@

I. ftu; nghUl;ghl;Lg; Nghyp

II. ,ul;Lw nkhopjw; Nghyp

LOGIC - PHILOSOPHY

III. cr;rupg;Gg; Nghyp

IV. rKjhag; Nghyp

V. gpupg;Gg; Nghyp

I. ftu; nghUl;ghl;Lg; Nghyp (Falacy of Aequivocation)

epakg;Nghyp tbtq;fspy; xd;whfTk; ,jidf; nfhs;tu;. xU thj;jpy;

gad;gLj;jg;gLk; xU nrhy; my;yJ ,U nrhw;fs; xd;wpy; NeubahfNth my;yJ

kiwKfkhfNth ,uz;L my;yJ ,uz;bw;F Nkw;gl;l mu;j;jq;fspy;

gad;gLj;jg;gLkhapd; me;epiyapy; ftu; nghUl;ghl;Lg; Nghyp epfOk;.

vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf@

xU tpw;gidahsd; xU kdpjdhthd;. MfNt ey;ynjhU tpw;gidahsd; ey;ynjhU

kdpjdhthd; vDk;NghJ ,g;Nghyp epfo;fpwJ.

II. ,ul;Lw nkhopjw; Nghyp (Fallacy of Amphibolia)

thjj;jpd; ,yf;fz mikg;gpd; Fiwghl;lhy; ,yf;fz ,ul;LW cz;lhfp <ubapay;Gf;F

,lk; jUfpwJ. trd mikg;gpd; %yk; vOk; <ubapay;gpdhNyNa ,t;tifg;Nghyp

cz;lhfpwJ. cz;ikapy; Xu; vLg;gpw;Fj; jtwhf nghUs; nfhs;sNy ,ul;Lw nkhopjw;

NghypahFk;. Mifahs; ftu;nghUl;ghl;Lg; NghypfSf;Fk; ,ul;LW nkhopjw;

NghypfSf;Fk; mbg;gilapy; NtWghL vJTk; ,y;iynadyhk;. vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf@

,yq;if Nkhl;lhu; jpizf;fsj;jpw;Fr; nrd;why; mq;F “jufu;fs; ftdk;” vd;gij

mwptpg;Gg; gyifapy; fhzyhk;. ,t;twptpg;G mq;F tUk; thbf;ifahsUf;fh? my;yJ

mq;F elkhbj; jpupAk; jufu;fSf;fh? ,t;twptpg;G ,UnghUs; nfhz;l thf;fpakhf

miktjhy; Nghyp Vw;gLfpwJ. ,q;F nrhw;gjj;jpw;Fr; rkkhd vz;zf;fU njspTk;

epu;zaKk; ,d;ikNa Nghypf;F fhuzkhFk;. ,J xU tO vdyhk;.

III. cr;rupg;Gg; Nghyp my;yJ mOj;jw; Nghyp (The Fallacia Accontus or Prosodiac)

Ngr;R tof;fpy; ,t;tifg; Nghypfs; Vw;gLtjhf mup];Nuhl;by; Rl;bf; fhl;Lfpd;whu;.

mjhtJ thu;j;ijfis cr;rupf;fpd;w tpjj;jhYk; Nghyp Vw;glyhk;. vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf;

B.Nkhfd; jUk; ciuia Nehf;fyhk;@ ‘eP cd; may; tPl;lUf;F vjpuhf ngha;r;rhl;rpak;

nrhy;yhNj’ ,jpy; may; tPl;lhu; vd;gij mOj;jp cr;rupj;jhy; may; tPl;lhiuj; jtpu

kw;wtu;fSf;F vjpuhf ngha;r;rhl;rpak; $wyhk; vd;W nghUs;gLk;. ‘eP’ vd;gij mOj;jp

cr;rupj;jhy; eP nrhy;yf; $lhJ kw;wtu;fs; nrhy;yyhk; vd;W nghUs;gLk;. ‘vjpuhf’

vd;gij tw;GWj;jpdhy; “vjpuhfr; nrhy;yf; $lhJ” Mdhy; rhjfkhfr; nrhy;yyhk;

LOGIC - PHILOSOPHY

vd;W nghUs;gLk;. NkYk; xU $w;Wf;F cupj;jhd xypia ePf;fp mjidf; $Wk;NghJ

mOj;jw; Nghyp epfo;tjhf B.Nkhfd; $Wfpd;whu;.

IV. rKjhag; Nghyp (Fallacy of Composition)

ahNjDk; jdpaDf;Fupa my;yJ gFjpf;Fupa gz;Gfis jdpad; rhu;e;j tFg;G my;yJ

rKjha KOikf;Fupa gz;ghf nfhs;Sk; NghJ Vw;gLtNj rKjhag; NghypahFk;.

mjhtJ jdp xUtUf;Fupa my;yJ epfo;r;rp my;yJ nghUSf;Fupa gz;ig mjd; KO

tFg;gpd; kPJ Rkj;Jk; NghJk; mt;tFg;gpw;Fupa gz;ghf fUJk; NghJk; mjd;

mikg;gpy; cs;s jtwpdhy; Vw;gLk;. ,g;Nghypia mikg;Gg; Nghyp vdTk; miog;gu;.

vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf@

I. xU fhu; XLtjw;F Njitahd vupnghUisg; ghu;f;fpYk; xU nyhwp XLtjw;Fj;

Njitahd vupnghUs; msT mjpfkhFk;. MfNt ,yq;ifapy; nyhwpia tpl

kpff;Fiwthd vupnghUNs fhUf;fhf vupf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. vd;W $Wk;NghJ

,g;Nghyp vOfpd;wJ.

II. mT];jpNuypa fpupf;nfw; njhlupd; nghJ ,yq;if fpupf;nfw;j; jiytUk;

cgjiytUk; rpwg;ghf tpisahbdu;. MfNt mT];jpNuypaj; njhlupd; NghJ

,yq;if mzpNa rpwg;ghf tpisahbaJ vd mDkhdpg;gJ rKjhag;

NghypahFk;.

V. gpupg;Gg; Nghyp (Fallacy of Division)

xU r%fk; my;yJ xU tFg;G KOikf;Fk; nghJthd gz;gpid mjw;Fs; cs;s jdp

xU egUf;Fk; my;yJ jdpad; xt;nthd;wpw;Fk; nghUe;Jk; vd thjpLk; NghJ gpupg;Gg;

Nghyp Vw;gLfpd;wJ. vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf@

I. ,e;j thfdk; kpfTk; ghukhdJ. MfNt ,e;j thfdj;jpd; xt;nthU ghfKk;

kpfTk; ghukhdjhFk;. ,q;F ,e;j thfdk; ghukhdJ vd;w KOikf;Fupa

gz;gpid mjd; xt;nthU ghfKk; kpfg;ghukhdJ vd jdp myfpw;Fupajhf

mDkhdpj;jpUg;gjhy; gpupg;Gg; Nghyp epfo;fpd;wJ.

II. ePu; xUtdpd; jhfj;ij jPu;f;Fk;. ePu; i`l;u[d; kw;Wk; xl;rprdpd; $l;lkhFk;.

vdNt i`l;u[Dk; xl;rprDk; xUtdpd; jhfj;ijj; jPu;f;Fk;.

,e;j ciuapd; gb> ePu; vd;gJ i`l;u[d;> xl;rprd; vDk; ,U

%yfq;fspd; $l;lhFk;. ePu; jhfj;ij jPu;f;Fk; gz;G nfhz;lJ. Mdhy; ePupd;

%yfq;fshd i`l;u[Dk; xl;rprDk; jdpj;jdpahf jhfj;ijj; jPu;f;Fk; vd

Kbtpw;F tUk; NghJ gpupg;Gg; Nghyp epfo;fpwJ.

LOGIC - PHILOSOPHY

,e;jpa msitapaypy; mDkhdf; Nfhl;ghL

xU nghUis fz;L> fhzg;glhj mjDld; njhlh;Gila nghUis mwpjNy mDkhdk;.

jpd;dhfh; mDkhdj;jpid ,uz;lhfg; ghFghL nra;Js;shu;. mit>

1. Rthu;j;jDkhdk; (jd; nghUl;L mDkhdk;) - VJ> tpahg;jp> gf;~k;> rhj;ak;

VJ - kiyapy; Gif ,Ug;gjhy;

tpahg;jp - vq;F gif cz;Nlh mq;F jP cz;L

gf;~k;- kiyapy; jP cz;L

rhj;ak;- jP cz;L

2. guhu;j;jDkhdk; (gpwh; nghUl;L mDkhdk; ) - gf;;fk;> VJ> jpl;lhe;jk;> cgeak;> epfkd;

gf;fk; (gpujpf;iQ) - kiyapy; jP cs;sJ.

VJ – Vnddpy; mq;F Gif fhzg;gLfpwJ.

jpl;lhe;jk;- Gif vjpypUe;J te;jhYk; mq;F jP cs;sJ.

cgeak; - kiyapy; GifAld; jPAk; fhzg;gLfpwJ.

epfkdk; - MfNt kiyapy; jP cs;sJ

“vq;nfy;yhk; Gif ,Uf;fpwNjh mq;nfy;yhk; jP ,Uf;Fk; mg;gbg;gl;l xU Gif kiy Nky;

cs;sJ”. – stcherbatsky

[e;JWg;G epahaj;njhil

1. gf;fk;: (proposition, thesis) - kiyapy; jP cs;sJ

2. VJ (Reason) - Vnddpy; mq;F GifapUg;gjdhy;

3. jpl;lhe;jk; (Example) – Gif vjpypUe;J te;jhYk; mq;F jP cs;sJ.

4. cgeak; (application ) - ;kiyapy; GifAld; jPAKz;L

5. epfkdk; (conclusion) – MfNt kiyapy; jP cz;L

LOGIC - PHILOSOPHY

,e;jpa msitapaiyAk; mup];Nuhl;bypd; msitapaiyAk; xg;G Nehf;fpd;>

mup];Nuhl;bypa msitapay; ,U tbtq;fisg; ngw;Ws;sJ. mit ca;j;jwpTk; njhFj;jwpTk; MFk;. ,e;jpa msitapaypy; ,jpy; njspthd NtWghl;bidf; fhzKbahJ.

,e;jpa msiutapay; mjd; gd;gpy; epak msitapay; Kiwia mjpfk; jOtpAs;sJ. mup];Nuhl;bypd; msitapay; gd;kjpg;G jUf;fj;ij nfhz;lJ.

mup];Nuhl;bypd; msitapaiyg;Nghy ,e;jpa msitapay; ,Wf;fkhd tbtikg;igf; nfhz;ljy;y.

mup];Nuhl;bypd; msitapaiy tpl fPioj;Nja msitapay; mjpfsT mwpthuhl;r;rp mbg;gilia nfhz;ljhFk;.

,e;jpa msitapay; ,U mDkhdq;fisg; gw;wpa tpsf;fkhFk; mitahtd RthHj;j mDkhdk; kw;Wk; guHj;jDkhdkhFk;. ,e;j mDkhdq;fspd; VJtpypUe;J (rhd;W) rhj;jpaj;ij (KbT) mDkhdpf;fpd;Nwhk;. rhj;jpaj;jpypUe;J VJit mDkhdpg;gjpy;iy. mjdhy; KbT vg;NghJk; cld;ghlhd tifapy; ngwg;gLk;. Mdhy; mup];Nuhl;bypd; epahaj; njhilapy; vL$w;W xd;W Fiwahapd; KbTk; FiwahFk;> vL$w;W xd;W kiwapad; KbTk; kiwahFk; vDk; fpis kw;Wk; gpujhd tpjp mwpaj;jf;fjhFk;.

,e;jpa msitapaypy; thjj;jpd; KbT typjhdjAk; vspikahdjhAk; ,Uf;Fk; NghJ mup];Nuhl;bypd; jUf;fj;jpy; thjk; xd;wpd; KbT typjhjhdjhf kl;LNk ,Uf;Fk;. Vnddpy; mup];Nlhl;bypd; Kf;$w;W epahaKiw thjj;jpd; mikg;GfisAk; mtw;wpd; nghUj;jj;ijANk ftdj;jpw; nfhz;ljhFk;.

crhj;Jizfs;:

1. [kh`pu; gp. vk;.> (2013) etPd msitapay;> ejh ntspaPL> fz;b.

2. [kh`pu; gp. vk;.> (2016) msitapaYk; msitapay; Nfhl;ghLfSk;> ejh ntspaPL>

kUjKid.

3. N[k;]; nty;ld; kw;Wk; Nkhdfd;> V.Na.> (1967)> ,ilepiy msitapay;> ,yq;if

mur fUk nkhopj; jpizf;fsk;> nfhOk;G.

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