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Time lines show timing of cash flows.
CF0 CF1 CF3CF2
0 1 2 3i%
Tick marks at ends of periods, so Time 0is today; Time 1 is the end of Period 1;or the beginning of Period 2.
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Time line for a $100 lump sum due at
the end of Year 2.
100
0 1 2 Year i%
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Time line for an ordinary annuity of
$100 for 3 years.
100 100100
0 1 2 3i%
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Time line for uneven CFs: -$50 at t = 0
and $100, $75, and $50 at the end ofYears 1 through 3.
100 5075
0 1 2 3i%
-50
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Whats the FV of an initial $100 after 3
years if i = 10%?
FV = ?
0 1 2 3
10%
Finding FVs (moving to the righton a time line) is called compounding.
100
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After 1 year:
FV1 = PV + INT1 = PV + PV (i)= PV(1 + i)= $100(1.10)
= $110.00.After 2 years:
FV2 = PV(1 + i)2
= $100(1.10)2
= $121.00.
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After 3 years:
FV3 = PV(1 + i)3
= $100(1.10)3
= $133.10.
In general,
FVn = PV(1 + i)n.
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Three Ways to Find FVs
Solve the equation with a regularcalculator.
Use a financial calculator.
Use a spreadsheet.
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Financial calculators solve thisequation:
There are 4 variables. If 3 areknown, the calculator will solvefor the 4th.
( )FV PV in n= +1 .
Financial Calculator Solution
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3 10 -100 0
N I/YR PV PMT FV133.10
Heres the setup to find FV:
Clearing automatically sets everythingto 0, but for safety enter PMT = 0.
Set: P/YR = 1, END.
INPUTS
OUTPUT
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10%
Whats the PV of $100 due in 3 years if
i = 10%?
Finding PVs is discounting, and its
the reverse of compounding.
100
0 1 2 3
PV = ?
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Solve FVn
= PV(1 + i )n for PV:
( )PV = FV1+ i = FV 11+ in n nn
( )PV = $100 11.10 = $100 0.7513 = $75.13. 3
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Financial Calculator Solution
3 10 0 100
N I/YR PV PMT FV-75.13
Either PV or FV must be negative. HerePV = -75.13. Put in $75.13 today, takeout $100 after 3 years.
INPUTS
OUTPUT
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Finding the Time to Double
20%
2
0 1 2 ?
-1 FV = PV(1 + i)n
$2 = $1(1 + 0.20)n
(1.2)n = $2/$1 = 2nLN(1.2) = LN(2)
n = LN(2)/LN(1.2)n = 0.693/0.182 = 3.8.
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20 -1 0 2
N I/YR PV PMT FV3.8
INPUTS
OUTPUT
Financial Calculator
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Ordinary Annuity
PMT PMTPMT
0 1 2 3
i%
PMT PMT
0 1 2 3i%
PMT
Annuity Due
Whats the difference between an
ordinary annuity and an annuity due?
PV FV
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Whats the FV of a 3-year ordinary
annuity of $100 at 10%?
100 100100
0 1 2 310%
110
121FV = 331
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3 10 0 -100
331.00
N I/YR PV PMT FV
Financial Calculator Solution
Have payments but no lump sum PV,so enter 0 for present value.
INPUTS
OUTPUT
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Whats the PV of this ordinaryannuity?
100 100100
0 1 2 310%
90.91
82.6475.13
248.69 = PV
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Have payments but no lump sum FV,so enter 0 for future value.
3 10 100 0N I/YR PV PMT FV
-248.69
INPUTS
OUTPUT
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A B C D
1 0 1 2 32 100 100 100
3 248.69
Spreadsheet Solution
Excel Formula in cell A3:
=NPV(10%,B2:D2)
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Special Function for Annuities
For ordinary annuities, this formula incell A3 gives 248.96:
=PV(10%,3,-100)
A similar function gives the futurevalue of 331.00:
=FV(10%,3,-100)
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Find the FV and PV if the
annuity were an annuity due.
100
100
0 1 2 310%
100
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3 10 100 0
-273.55
N I/YR PV PMT FV
Switch from End to Begin.
Then enter variables to find PVA3 =$273.55.
Then enter PV = 0 and press FV to findFV = $364.10.
INPUTS
OUTPUT
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Excel Function for Annuities Due
Change the formula to:
=PV(10%,3,-100,0,1)
The fourth term, 0, tells the functionthere are no other cash flows. Thefifth term tells the function that it is an
annuity due. A similar function givesthe future value of an annuity due:
=FV(10%,3,-100,0,1)
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What is the PV of this uneven cash
flow stream?
0
100
1
300
2
300
310%
-50
4
90.91
247.93
225.39-34.15
530.08 = PV
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Input in CFLO register:
CF0 = 0
CF1 = 100
CF2 = 300
CF3 = 300
CF4 = -50
Enter I = 10%, then press NPV buttonto get NPV = 530.09. (Here NPV = PV.)
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Spreadsheet Solution
Excel Formula in cell A3:
=NPV(10%,B2:E2)
A B C D E
1 0 1 2 3 42 100 300 300 -50
3 530.09
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What interest rate would cause $100 to
grow to $125.97 in 3 years?
3 -100 0 125.97
N I/YR PV FVPMT
8%
$100(1 + i )3 = $125.97.(1 + i)3 = $125.97/$100 = 1.2597
1 + i = (1.2597)1/3 = 1.08i = 8%.
INPUTS
OUTPUT
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Will the FV of a lump sum be larger or
smaller if we compound more often,holding the stated I% constant? Why?
LARGER! If compounding is morefrequent than once a year--forexample, semiannually, quarterly,
or daily--interest is earned on interestmore often.
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0 1 2 3
10%
0 1 2 3
5%
4 5 6
134.01
100 133.10
1 2 30
100
Annually: FV3 = $100(1.10)3 = $133.10.
Semiannually: FV6 = $100(1.05)6 = $134.01.
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We will deal with 3 differentrates:
iNom = nominal, or stated, or
quoted, rate per year.iPer = periodic rate.
EAR= EFF% = .
effective annual
rate
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iNom is stated in contracts. Periods
per year (m) must also be given.
Examples:s8%; Quarterly
s8%, Daily interest (365 days)
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Periodic rate = iPer = iNom/m, where m isnumber of compounding periods peryear. m = 4 for quarterly, 12 for monthly,and 360 or 365 for daily compounding.
Examples:
8% quarterly: iPer= 8%/4 = 2%.
8% daily (365): iPer= 8%/365 = 0.021918%.
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An investment with monthlypayments is different from onewith quarterly payments. Must
put on EFF% basis to comparerates of return. Use EFF% onlyfor comparisons.
Banks say interest paid daily.Same as compounded daily.
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How do we find EFF% for a nominal
rate of 10%, compoundedsemiannually?
Or use a financial calculator.
EFF% = - 1(1 + )iNomm
m
= - 1.0(1 + )0.102
2
= (1.05)2
- 1.0= 0.1025 = 10.25%.
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EAR = EFF% of 10%
EARAnnual = 10%.
EARQ = (1 + 0.10/4)4 - 1 = 10.38%.
EARM = (1 + 0.10/12)12 - 1 = 10.47%.
EARD(360) = (1 + 0.10/360)360 - 1 = 10.52%.
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FV of $100 after 3 years under 10%
semiannual compounding? Quarterly?
= $100(1.05)6 = $134.01.
FV3Q = $100(1.025)12 = $134.49.
FV = PV 1 .+i
m
nNom
mn
FV = $100 1 +0.10
23S
2x3
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Can the effective rate ever be equal to
the nominal rate?
Yes, but only if annual compoundingis used, i.e., if m = 1.
If m > 1, EFF% will always be greater
than the nominal rate.
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iPer: Used in calculations, shown ontime lines.
If iNom has annual compounding,
then iPer = iNom/1 = iNom.
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Whats the value at the end of Year 3 of
the following CF stream if the quotedinterest rate is 10%, compoundedsemiannually?
0 1
100
2 35%
4 5 6 6-mos.periods
100 100
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Payments occur annually, butcompounding occurs each 6months.
So we cant use normal annuityvaluation techniques.
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1st Method: Compound Each CF
0 1
100
2 35%
4 5 6
100 100.00110.25121.55331.80
FVA3 = $100(1.05)4 + $100(1.05)2 + $100
= $331.80.
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Could you find the FV with afinancial calculator?
Yes, by following these steps:
a. Find the EAR for the quoted rate:
2nd Method: Treat as an Annuity
EAR = (1 + ) - 1 = 10.25%.0.1022
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3 10.25 0 -100
INPUTS
OUTPUT
N I/YR PV FVPMT
331.80
b. Use EAR = 10.25% as the annual ratein your calculator:
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Whats the PV of this stream?
0
100
15%
2 3
100 100
90.70
82.2774.62247.59
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Amortization
Construct an amortization schedule
for a $1,000, 10% annual rate loanwith 3 equal payments.
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Step 1: Find the required payments.
PMT PMTPMT
0 1 2 310%
-1,000
3 10 -1000 0
INPUTS
OUTPUT
N I/YR PV FVPMT
402.11
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Step 2: Find interest charge for Year 1.
INTt = Beg balt (i)
INT1 = $1,000(0.10) = $100.
Step 3: Find repayment of principal inYear 1.
Repmt = PMT - INT= $402.11 - $100= $302.11.
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Step 4: Find ending balance after
Year 1.
End bal = Beg bal - Repmt
= $1,000 - $302.11 = $697.89.
Repeat these steps for Years 2 and 3to complete the amortization table.
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Interest declines. Tax implications.
BEG PRIN ENDYR BAL PMT INT PMT BAL
1 $1,000 $402 $100 $302 $698
2 698 402 70 332 3663 366 402 37 366 0
TOT 1,206.34 206.34 1,000
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$
0 1 2 3
402.11Interest
302.11
Level payments. Interest declines becauseoutstanding balance declines. Lender earns10% on loan outstanding, which is falling.
Principal Payments
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Amortization tables are widelyused--for home mortgages, autoloans, business loans, retirement
plans, and so on. They are veryimportant!
Financial calculators (and
spreadsheets) are great forsetting up amortization tables.
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iPer = 11.33463%/365
= 0.031054% per day.
FV=?
0 1 2 273
0.031054%
-100
Note: % in calculator, decimal in equation.
( )( )FV = $100 1.00031054= $100 1.08846 = $108.85.273273
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273 -100 0
108.85
INPUTS
OUTPUT
N I/YR PV FVPMT
iPer = iNom/m
= 11.33463/365= 0.031054% per day.
Enter i in one step.Leave data in calculator.
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Now suppose you leave your moneyin the bank for 21 months, which is1.75 years or 273 + 365 = 638 days.
How much will be in your account atmaturity?
Answer: Override N = 273 with N =
638. FV = $121.91.
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iPer= 0.031054% per day.
FV = 121.91
0 365 638 days
-100
FV = $100(1 + 0.1133463/365)638
= $100(1.00031054)638= $100(1.2191)= $121.91.
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You are offered a note which pays$1,000 in 15 months (or 456 days)for $850. You have $850 in a bankwhich pays a 6.76649% nominal
rate, with 365 daily compounding,which is a daily rate of 0.018538%and an EAR of 7.0%. You plan toleave the money in the bank if you
dont buy the note. The note isriskless.
Should you buy it?
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3 Ways to Solve:
1. Greatest future wealth: FV2. Greatest wealth today: PV3. Highest rate of return: Highest EFF%
iPer= 0.018538% per day.
1,000
0 365 456 days
-850
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456 -850 0
924.97
INPUTS
OUTPUT
N I/YR PV FVPMT
Calculator Solution to FV:
iPer = iNom/m= 6.76649%/365= 0.018538% per day.
Enter iPer in one step.
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2. Greatest Present Wealth
Find PV of note, and comparewith its $850 cost:
PV = $1,000/(1.00018538)456
= $918.95.
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456 .018538 0 1000
-918.95
INPUTS
OUTPUT
N I/YR PV FVPMT
6.76649/365 =
PV of note is greater than its $850cost, so buy the note. Raises yourwealth.
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Find the EFF% on note andcompare with 7.0% bank pays,which is youropportunity cost of
capital:
FVn = PV(1 + i)n
$1,000 = $850(1 + i)456
Now we must solve fori.
3. Rate of Return
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456 -850 0 1000
0.035646%per day
INPUTS
OUTPUT
N I/YR PV FVPMT
Convert % to decimal:
Decimal = 0.035646/100 = 0.00035646.
EAR = EFF% = (1.00035646)365 - 1= 13.89%.
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Using interest conversion:
P/YR = 365NOM% = 0.035646(365) = 13.01
EFF% = 13.89
Since 13.89% > 7.0% opportunity cost,buy the note.
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