ch. 1-- study guide

Ch. 1-- Study Guide 1. Critically read the whole chapter pp. 1-272. Comprehend Terminology (the text in bold) 3. Study-- Figure questions, Think About It

questions, and Before You Go On (section-ending) questions

4. Do end-of-chapter questions:– Testing Your Recall— 1-9, 11, 15, 16, 18, 20– True or False– 1, 3, 4, 7, 8, 9, 10– Testing Your Comprehension--None

• Except Before You Go On questions, all answers are either in Appendix B or on website

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Atlas A-- Study Guide 1. Critically read pp. 29-392. Do questions:

– Testing Your Recall— 1, 2, 5, 8, 10, 13, 15, 16, 20– True or False– 1, 3, 4, 7– Testing Your Comprehension--None

• Except Before You Go On questions, all answers are either in Appendix B or on website

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Chapter 1—Major Themes of Anatomy

and Physiology

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§ 1.1—Anatomy & Physiology

• Anatomy– The study of __________

• How?

• 1. Surface observation, cadaver dissection – together called Gross anatomy

• 2. Physical examination—Inspection, Palpation, Auscultation, Percussion etc.– Examples

• 3. Gross anatomy vs. histology– ?

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§ Physiology—1. What is physiology?

2. Two approaches to explain physiological events—

– Teleological approaches: focus on ___– Mechanistic approaches: emphasize

_________– Example: Why do we shiver when we are

cold? (A Teleological/Mechanistic approach; circle one) 5

§ Anatomy and Physiology—1. Structure and function are inseparable• Example—• Integumentary system--

• Can you give another example demonstrating anatomy/physiology relation?

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Insight 1.5 clinical application

• Medical imaging– looking into the body without having to do exploratory surgery

• Examples—X rays, fetal sonogram, CAT (Computerized Axial Tomographic) scan, MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) etc.

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Figure 1.13a

Fig. 1.13 (a)– X rays showing the bones and teeth.

Dense tissues such as bone, teeth, tumors, and tuberculosis nodules leave the film lighter; X rays penetrate soft tissues and darken the film.

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Fig. 1.14– a) Sonography; b) 32-week-old fetus (3-D sonogram)

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Fig. 1.13 c) Computed tomographic (CT) scan

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§ 1.2– The origins of biomedical science

1. Hippocrates (c. 460-c. 375 BCE)– Greek physician; “father of medicine”

2. Claudius Galen (c. 130-c. 200)– wrote the most influential medical textbook of the ancient era

3. Andreas Vesalius (1514-64) – first to publish accurate illustrations for teaching anatomy in 1543

4. William Harvey (1578-1657)– blood circulates continuously around the body

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§ 1.3– Scientific method

1. The inductive method– – Drawing generalizations & predictions after

many observations. – Examples– what we know of anatomy

2. The hypothetico-deductive method– – Forming a hypothesis and then test it– Examples– Most physiological knowledge was

obtained this way

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§ Facts, Law, and Theories

1. A scientific fact– information that can be independently verified by any trained person. Ex– an iron deficiency leads to anemia

2. A law of nature– a description about the predictable ways in which matter and energy behave; Ex– the law of complementary base-pairing

3. A theory– is an explanatory statement of set of statements derived from facts, laws, and confirmed hypotheses

– Ex– the fluid-mosaic theory of cell mem.13

§ 1.5-- Levels of organization in the body—

1. Organism– is a single, complete individual

2. Organ system level– Ex. Digestive sys.3. Organ level– Ex. Stomach4. Tissue level – 4 types 5. Cells–basic/smallest units of life;

common characteristics of all cells--6. Organelles-- 7. Chemical level– water moleculeFigure 1.8

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Fig. 1.7 The body’s structural hierarchy

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§ Levels of organization in the body—

Q1. Pick an organ and use it to tell a story of its relations to other levels of organization in the body.

Q2. List, as many as possible, human organ systems; in addition, give one principal function of each system.

Figure A.11 (p.38-39)

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§ 1.6-- Homeostasis—

1. Definition– Maintenance of stable conditions in the internal environment

2. Importance of homeostasis:A. Homeostasis is essential for survival of

cells– Why? Insight 1.3 (Men in the Oven for 45 minutes; p. 18)

B. Cells make up the body systems

C. Homeostasis is the central theme of physiology– How? via cells/body systems

Figure x21

Maintain

Body (organ) systems Homeostasis

Cells

Make up

Is essentialforsurvival of

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§ Homeostasis—

3. The internal environment is dynamic and equilibrium (steady) state

– dynamic? – equilibrium (steady) state?

– What parameters are homeostatically regulated?• Chemical factors—• Physical factors—

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§ Regulation of homeostasis by Negative feedback--A 1. Definition– change in a factor

(controlled variable) triggers a physiological response that seeks to restore the factor by OPPOSING the initial change

2. Example—control of room/body temperature

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§ Regulation of homeostasis by Negative feedback--B

3. Three components of a control systemA. Sensor (receptor)– monitors the control

variable (for example, room temp.); what is the sensor?

B. Integrating (control) center– it compares the sensor’s input with the set point and sends instructions to effector

C. Effector– action component that . . .

Figure 1.9 (a-b) 25

Sensor?

Integrating center?

Effector?

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Fig. 1.9(b) Fluctuation of room temperature around the thermostatic set point

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Figure 1.11

Fig. 1.10 Negative feedback in human thermoregulation.

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§ Positive feedback & rapid change--A

1. Definition– change in a factor triggers a physiological response that AMPLIFIES an initial change

2. Example— in the birth of a baby; how?

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Figure 1.12--Positive feedback in childbirth

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Next slide

1.13 Positive Feedback in Childbirth

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1.13 Positive Feedback in Childbirth

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1.13 Positive Feedback in Childbirth

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§ Positive feedback & rapid change--B

3. Details of birth of a baby– Uterine contractions push the baby

against the cervix– the stretching of the cervix triggers

nerve impulses– brings about oxytocin secretion– The hormone oxytocin causes even

stronger powerful contractions of the uterus

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§ Positive feedback & rapid change--C

Q. Map and ID the sensor, integrator, and effector of the above example (child birth). Then explain the homeostatic control system. Why this is a positive negative feedback?

Assuming: Controlled variable--Stretching of the cervix

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Lunch/dinner?

• The scientific name for an animal that doesn't either run from or fight its enemies is lunch/dinner.--Michael Friedman

• Caveman’s motto: He who hesitates is lunch/dinner.

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