ch. 21 part 2 the collapse and recovery of europe
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Chapter 21 part 2 The Collapse and Recovery of Europe
Dictators and WWII1914-1970s
Totalitarian Dictatorships•Anti-liberal•Regulate everyone’s life•Aggressive nationalism•Appeal to the masses
Stalinist Communism Fascism
Nazism
Japanese Authoritarianism
Joseph Stalin
ruled USSR1922-1953
(more on him later)
Kingdom of Italyangry about the T. of V.
Benito Mussolini(1883-1945)Ruled Italy 1922-1945
Italian Fascism• Expansionist
nationalism• Anti socialist,
communist, and liberal• Conformity and the state
valued over individuals
“For if the nineteenth
century was a century of
individualism (Liberalism
always signifying individualism) it may be expected that this will be the century of
collectivism, and hence the century
of the State.”
Manipulated elections and
Violently eliminated opposition
killed Socialist leaders
“Black-Shirts”
1924-1926 Established a conservative Fascist dictatorship
“The truth is that men are
tired of liberty.”
1929 Lateran Agreement created an independent Vatican
1935 Italy Invaded EthiopiaAbyssinian Crisis
Failure of the L of N
Nazi Germany
Adolf Hitler
1889-1945
NAZI PartyNationalists, racists, militant
1923 Failed coup in Munich
Mein Kampf
Hitler’s Ideas in Mein Kampf-Germany lost the war in 1919 because it had been “stabbed in the back” by Jews and Communists in the civilian government-“If, at the beginning and during the war, someone had only subjected about twelve or fifteen thousand of these Hebrew destroyers of the people to poison gas – as was suffered on the battlefield by hundreds of thousands of our best workers… -- then the sacrifice of millions at the front would not have been in vain.”
“stabbed in the back” legend
Skilled at using mass rallies and propaganda
“The attention span of the masses is very short, their understanding limited; they
easily forget. For that reason all effective propaganda has to concentrate on very few points and drive them home through simple
slogans, until even the simplest can grasp what you have in mind.”
“You must stick to limiting yourself to essentials and repeat them endlessly.”
-Adolf Hitler
Nuremberg Rallies
1928 Elections12 Nazi members of the Reichstag
1930 Elections107 Nazi members of the Reichstag
1933 Elections230 Nazi members of the Reichstag
1933 Elected
Chancellor
Improved depression
through public works and
military spending
1933 Reichstag
Fire
1933 Enabling Act allowedHitler to make laws
“Laws enacted by the government of the Reich
may deviate from the constitution…”
Law to Remedy the Distress of the People and the Nation (Enabling Act)
Purged the Nazi party
became the Fuhrer
of the
Third Reich
Militarization and Nationalism
The Empire
of Japan
Cultural Westernization Continued
Labor and Socialist parties
challenged ruling elites
who were the ruling elites?
Depression = Misery and Anger
“As we observe recent social trends, top leaders engage in immoral conduct, political parties are corrupt, … aristocrats have no understanding of the masses, … unemployment and depression are serious … The people are with us in craving the appearance of a vigorous and clean government that is truly based upon the masses, and is genuinely centered around the emperor”
-Cherry Blossom Society, 1930
Nationalist Authoritarianismsilenced democracy and opposition
consolidated power
EmperorShowa (Hirohito)
1901-1989
seen as divine
General Hideki Tojo(1884-1948)
Prime Minister1941-1944
Population growth and economic troubles led to expansionism
Established Manchukuo Puppet State 1932-1945
Former Chinese and puppet Emperor of Manchukuo Pu-Yi
"With the cooperation of Japan, China,
and Manchukuo, the world can be
in peace."
1933 Withdrew for L of NLeague of Nations did nothing
1937 Japan invaded ChinaSecond Sino-Japanese War
China disorganized due
to Civil War
Slaughter and War Crimes
World War II 1939-1945
Long-Term Causes of WWII
French Marshal Ferdinand Foch
"This is not peace. It is an armistice for
20 years."
Green = Allied PowersOrange = Axis Powers
1939 Nazi-Soviet Nonaggression Pact and the division of Poland
“Poland will be depopulated and
settled with Germans. … After Stalin’s death … we will break the Soviet Union. Then there will begin the dawn of the
German rule of the earth ...”
1939 speech to German generals
Sept. 1, 1939 German Blitzkrieg into Poland
UK and France declared war on Germany
1940 Axis Powers
Later joined by Romania, Hungary, Bulgaria, and Thailand
April-May 1940 Blitzkrieg Denmark, Norway, Netherlands,
Belgium, and Luxembourg
May, 1940 Failure of the French Maginot Line
June 22, France surrendered rather than be destroyed
Reasons for German success1. Overwhelming speed of air and amour2. No two front war3. Enemies not fully prepared for war
French Resistance involved in battles in Europe,
Russia, Africa, and Britain
July-October 1940Battle of Britain
“Never give in--never, never, never,
never, in nothing great or small, large
or petty, never give in except to convictions of honour and good
sense. Never yield to force; never yield to
the apparently overwhelming might
of the enemy”
1941 Lend-Lease
Supplied Allied nations with food, oil, and materiel
1940 draft
The USA was isolationist, but…
June 1941 Hitler
attacked the Soviet
Union
Japanese Expansion
Singapore, Burma,
Indochina, Sumatra,
Philippines Australia and India threatened
December 7, 1941Pearl Harbor attacked
The Grand AllianceUSA, Britain, USSR, and resistance
groups throughout Europe
Allied Advantages Population
Productive capacity
Resources
Control of the seas
Good leadership
North African Front
Morocco, Algeria,
Tunisia, etc.
GermanGen. Erwin
Rommel
British Field Marshal Bernard
Montgomery
Montgomery with his
puppies Hitler and Rommel
1942 Battle of El AlameinBritish defeated Rommel and Axis powers
pushed out of North Africa by 1943
Eastern Front 1942-1943Battle of Stalingrad
Bloodiest battle in human historyCombined casualties above 1,500,000
A Nazi defeat and a turning point
1943 Soviets begin to
push toward Germany
1943 Italian Fascists defeated
1944 Allies took Rome1945 Mussolini Killed
Operation OverlordJune 6, 1944 “D-Day”
Liberate France and push back Germany
Normandy coast
Allies pushed toward GermanyUS & UK from the west and
USSR from the east
Battle of the BulgeDec 1944 - Jan 1945
The Ardennes Forest,
Belgium
Late April 1945 Berlin surrounded
April 30, 1945 Hitler
committed suicide
May 7 Germany SurrenderedV-E Day May 8, 1945
Pacific Front
Australia, China, Philippines, India, etc. all Fighting Japan
US General Douglas
MacArthur(1880-1964)
Naval Warfare and“Island Hopping”
Trinity July 16, 1945
1st Atomic Bomb
Should the USA use the atom bomb?
Pro and Con?
?
August 6, 1945The Enola Gay
dropped “Little Boy” on Hiroshima
70,000+ killed instantly100,000+ died later
Photo taken
20,000+ Feet In The Air
August 9, 1945 “Fat Man” was dropped on Nagasaki
40,000+ killed, 25,000+ wounded
Tsutomu Yamaguchi
(1916-2010) Double Survivor
“Ant-walking alligators" who "were now eyeless and
faceless—with their heads transformed into blackened
alligator hides displaying red holes, indicating mouths.
The alligator people did not scream. Their mouths could
not form the sounds. The noise they made was worse
than screaming. They uttered a continuous murmur—like
locusts on a midsummer night. One man, staggering on charred stumps of legs, was carrying a dead baby
upside down.”
"I do not know with what
weapons world War III will be
fought, but World War IV will be
fought with sticks and stones."
Japanese Surrender on the USS Missouri
Aug 14 Japan surrendered
V-J Day Aug 15
US Occupation of Japan 1945-1952Rebuild and Democratic Reform
Japanese “Economic Miracle” (why?)1960s-1990 = 10% growth yearly
• USA: 295,000• UK: 388,000 (62,000 civilian)
• Italy: 410,000 (80,000 civilian)
• France: 810,000 (470,000 civilian)
• Japan: 1,806,000 (300,000 civilian)
• Germany: 7,060,000 (3,810,000 civilian)
• Poland: 6,850,000 (6,000,000 civilian)
• China: 11,324,000 (10,000,000 civilian)
• USSR: 25,568,000 (16,900,000 civilian)
Total Deaths
War Crimes
what is a war crime?
Curtis LeMay(1906-1990)
US Air Force General
“Killing Japanese didn't bother me very much at that time... I suppose if I had lost the war, I would have been tried as a war
criminal”
Japanese mistreatment
and executions of POWs and
civilians
chemical weapons
Unit 731 in ManchukuoBiological weapon research complex
Tojo and 6 others
executed for war crimes
16 given life in prison
The HolocaustThe “Final Solution” to the
“Jewish Question”
1935 Nuremberg Laws removed rights of Jews
Jewish Identification Card
The Poisonous Mushroom
A Children’s Book
“Behind the enemy powers: the Jew”
“He is to blame for the war!”
Kristallnacht Nov 9-10, 1938Germany and parts of Austria
Heinrich Himmler(1900-1945)
Adolf Eichmann(1906-1962)
30,000+ Jews joined armed resistance movements
Auschwitz-Birkenau
Total Deaths6,000,000 Jews
5,000,000 “Others”Slavs, Soviet POWs, Roma (Gypsies), Poles, Political Prisoners, Homosexuals, Disabled,
Jehovah's Witnesses, Criminals, etc.
1945-1946 Nuremberg Trials12 sentenced to death, 7 life in prison
Geneva Conventions
updated(1st Draft 1864)
Is “just following orders” a justifiable excuse?
Individual actions and accountability?
Small part of a larger whole?
Adolf Eichmann captured in 1960 in Argentine and executed in Israel in 1962
“The banality of evil”
Jewish Political Theorist Hannah Arendt
Eichmann was not a monster, he was an
average person who did not think for himself
“The sad truth is that most evil is done by people who never make up their minds to be good or evil.”
-Hannah Arendt
The Post-War RecoveryThe Cold War and The Quest for Stability
Occupation and Division of Germany
Western Europe Economic CrisisWe want
coalWe want bread
Fear of increased communist revolutions
1947 Truman Doctrine
contain and stop the spread of communism
provide aid to combat instabilities
1947 Marshall
Plan (ERP)
$17 bil of Europe aidStimulate US
economy
Aid was offered to
Eastern countries
1945 United Nations Formed50 Countries Draft Charter
Universal Declaration Of Human Rights
Currently 192 Members
1949 North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
NATO today
1955 Warsaw Pact
1957 European Economic Community (EEC)“Common Market”
1993 EEC became European Union
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