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Copyright © 2002 by W. B. Saunders Company. All rights reserved.
Chapter 2
Relevant Theories andTherapies for Nursing Practice
Chapter 2
Relevant Theories andTherapies for Nursing Practice
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SlideSlide
Copyright © 2002 by W. B. Saunders Company. All rights reserved.
The mind as an icebergThe mind as an iceberg
2-22-2 (Fig. 2-1)(Fig. 2-1)
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Copyright © 2002 by W. B. Saunders Company. All rights reserved.
FreudFreud
Personality Structure Id
Ego
Superego
Levels of Awareness Conscious
Preconscious
Unconscious
Personality Structure Id
Ego
Superego
Levels of Awareness Conscious
Preconscious
Unconscious
Developmental Stages
Oral
Anal
Phallic
Latency
Genital
Developmental Stages
Oral
Anal
Phallic
Latency
Genital
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Copyright © 2002 by W. B. Saunders Company. All rights reserved.
Erikson
• stressed ego
• psychosocial aspects of development
• considers life span development
• studied healthy people
Freud
• stressed id
• psychosexual aspects of development
• personality formed by age of 5
• studied neurotic people
Erikson vs. FreudErikson vs. Freud
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Copyright © 2002 by W. B. Saunders Company. All rights reserved.
Needs Satisfactions
Security
Anxiety Empathetic between child and mother
Can be described; observable behaviors
Individuals strive for anxiety reduction
Needs Satisfactions
Security
Anxiety Empathetic between child and mother
Can be described; observable behaviors
Individuals strive for anxiety reduction
SullivanSullivan
Self System Good-me
Bad-me
Not-me
Security Operations Selective
inattention
Dissociation
Self System Good-me
Bad-me
Not-me
Security Operations Selective
inattention
Dissociation
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Copyright © 2002 by W. B. Saunders Company. All rights reserved.
4 Phases of Interpersonal Process Orientation
Identification
Working
Resolution
Described 4 Levels of Anxiety
4 Phases of Interpersonal Process Orientation
Identification
Working
Resolution
Described 4 Levels of Anxiety
PeplauPeplau
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Copyright © 2002 by W. B. Saunders Company. All rights reserved.
Ideas about Nursing Focus is on client
Nurse is participant observer
Nurse has awareness of role
Nursing is investigative
Nurses use theory
Developed process recording
Ideas about Nursing Focus is on client
Nurse is participant observer
Nurse has awareness of role
Nursing is investigative
Nurses use theory
Developed process recording
Peplau, cont.Peplau, cont.
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Copyright © 2002 by W. B. Saunders Company. All rights reserved.
Stages of Cognitive Development Sensorimotor
Preoperational
Concrete operations
Formal operations
Schema Developed to organize and understand the world
Processes Used to Develop Schemata Assimilation
Adaptation
Stages of Cognitive Development Sensorimotor
Preoperational
Concrete operations
Formal operations
Schema Developed to organize and understand the world
Processes Used to Develop Schemata Assimilation
Adaptation
PiagetPiaget
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Copyright © 2002 by W. B. Saunders Company. All rights reserved.
Needs Hierarchy Physiological needs
Psychological needs
Meta-needs
Beliefs about Humankind Needs are fulfilled by and through other humans
A person does the best he/she can at the time
With adequate understandable information, a person will make good decisions
Man has a higher nature
Needs Hierarchy Physiological needs
Psychological needs
Meta-needs
Beliefs about Humankind Needs are fulfilled by and through other humans
A person does the best he/she can at the time
With adequate understandable information, a person will make good decisions
Man has a higher nature
MaslowMaslow
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Level I Preconventional (ages 4-10) Emphasis on external control, avoiding punishment
Level II Conventional Role Conformity (ages 10-13) Want to please other and be considered “good”
Develop social concern and conscience
Level III Autonomous Moral Principles (after age 13, if ever)
Acknowledges the possibility of conflict between 2 accepted standards and tries to decide between them
Acts in accord with internalized standards
Level I Preconventional (ages 4-10) Emphasis on external control, avoiding punishment
Level II Conventional Role Conformity (ages 10-13) Want to please other and be considered “good”
Develop social concern and conscience
Level III Autonomous Moral Principles (after age 13, if ever)
Acknowledges the possibility of conflict between 2 accepted standards and tries to decide between them
Acts in accord with internalized standards
KohlbergKohlberg
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Psychodynamic/Psychoanalytic Focus:
- internal experience
- defense mechanisms
- transference and past relationships Therapist: more non-directive
Cognitive Therapy Focus:
- thoughts/cognitions
- correcting cognitive distortions Therapist: active and directive
Psychodynamic/Psychoanalytic Focus:
- internal experience
- defense mechanisms
- transference and past relationships Therapist: more non-directive
Cognitive Therapy Focus:
- thoughts/cognitions
- correcting cognitive distortions Therapist: active and directive
PsychotherapiesPsychotherapies
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Interpersonal Therapy Focus: interpersonal relationships
Problems:
- Grief
- Role disputes
- Role transition
- Interpersonal deficit
Therapist: active and directive
Interpersonal Therapy Focus: interpersonal relationships
Problems:
- Grief
- Role disputes
- Role transition
- Interpersonal deficit
Therapist: active and directive
Psychotherapies, cont.Psychotherapies, cont.
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Behavioral Therapy Focus: learning more adaptive behavior
Applications: - Operant conditioning
- Modeling
- Systematic desensitization
- Aversion therapy
- Relaxation
- Assertiveness
Therapist: active and directive
Behavioral Therapy Focus: learning more adaptive behavior
Applications: - Operant conditioning
- Modeling
- Systematic desensitization
- Aversion therapy
- Relaxation
- Assertiveness
Therapist: active and directive
Psychotherapies, cont.Psychotherapies, cont.
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