chap1: communication process
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CHAPTER 1: COMMUNICATION PERSPECTIVESBy: Miranda Emery
INTRO: WHY IS ORAL COMM. IMPORTANT?
Communication skills, team work skills, and interpersonal abilities
For example: engineering National Association of Colleges and Employers Top 10 skills from graduates: #1: COMMUNICATION (face-to-face, presentational, and writing)
#3: Teamwork #5: Analytical #8: Interpersonal #9: Problem-solving
COMMUNICATION PROCESS
Participants (who)
Sender- Send/transmit
message
Receiver- Interpret message
COMMUNICATION PROCESS
Message (what)- verbal, visual,
nonverbal behavior to which meaning is
attributed
Meaning- Your thoughts and interpretation of others’
messageNot
transferable
COMMUNICATION PROCESS
To get meaning, we encode and decode symbols within a
message.
Encode- Putting
thoughts/feelings into words,
nonverbal cues, and images.
Decode- Process of interpreting another’s message.
Symbol- words, sounds, and actions that represent
ideas/feelings.
Form- Organization of
message.
CONTEXT (SETTING)
Context: Setting including what precedes and follows what is said.
5 types: Physical Social Historical Psychological Cultural
CONTEXT (CONTINUED)
Physical: Location, environment (temperature, lighting, noise), distance between participants, and time of day.
Social: Nature of the relationship Historical: Background from previous communication
Psychological: Moods and feelings each participant brings to the interaction
Cultural: Values, beliefs, orientations, underlying assumptions, and rituals prevalent among people in society
CHANNELS: ROUTE AND MEANS
Face-to-face 3 basic channels
Verbal symbols Nonverbal cues Visual images
CHANNELS (CONTINUED)
Technology mediated Same 3 basic channels, though nonverbal cues become emoticons and acronyms
COMMUNICATION PROCESS
Interference (noise)- Any stimulus that hinders the process of sharing meaning.
Physical - Sights, sounds,
and other things within
the environment.
Psychological -
•Internal noise
(thoughts)• Semantic
noise (symbols)
COMMUNICATION PROCESS
Feedback- Reactions and responses to a message that
indicate to the sender whether and how the message
was heard, seen, and interpreted.
Confused look, nod, or saying, “I understand.”
COMMUNICATION SETTINGS
Differ by number of participants and interaction characterization (formal/informal)
Types: Intrapersonal: In your mind (talking to yourself)
Interpersonal: Informal between 2 people Small group: 3-20 Public: Communication delivered to more than 20
COMMUNICATION PRINCIPLES
#1: Communication has purpose 5 purposes:
Develop/maintain sense of self Meet social needs Develop/maintain relationships Exchange information Influence others
#2: Communication is continuous
COMMUNICATION PRINCIPLES
#3: Communication messages vary in conscious thought Occur spontaneously (without much thought)
Based on a learned “script” Constructed based on understanding of a situation
#4: Communication is relational Reflect two aspects:
Immediacy: Degree of liking or attractiveness in relationship
Control: Degree one participant is perceived to be dominant/powerful
COMMUNICATION PRINCIPLES
#5: Communication is guided by culture Culture: System of knowledge shared by a relatively large group of people. Shared beliefs, values, symbols, and behaviors.
The word "swastika" comes from the Sanskrit svastika - "su" meaning "good," "asti" meaning "to be," and "ka" as a suffix.Until the Nazis used this symbol, the swastika was used by many cultures throughout the past 3,000 years to represent life, sun, power, strength, and good luck.
Source: http://history1900s.about.com/cs/swastika/a/swastikahistory.htm
COMMUNICATION PRINCIPLES
#6: Communication has ethical implications 5 ethical standards:
Truthfulness and honesty mean refraining from lying, cheating, stealing, and deception
Integrity means maintaining a consistency of belief and action
Fairness means achieving the right balance of interest without regard to one’s own feelings and without showing favor to any side in a conflict
Respect means showing regard or consideration for others and their ideas, even if we don’t agree with them
Responsibility means being accountable for one’s actions and what one says
#7: Communication is learned
COMMUNICATION COMPETENCE
Communication competence: The impression that communicative behavior is both appropriate and effective in a given situation. Communication is effective when it achieves its goals; it is appropriate when it conforms to what is expected in a situation.
Perceptions of competence depend, in part, on personal motivation (want to), knowledge (of what is involved), and skills (goal-oriented actions).
Credibility: perception of speaker’s knowledge, trustworthiness, and warmth.
Social ease: Managing so you don’t appear nervous/anxious.
COMMUNICATION APPREHENSION
“The fear or anxiety associated with real or anticipated communication with others.”
4 types: Traitlike: Anxious in most speaking situations
Audience-based: Only to certain people or group
Situational: Short-lived during specific encounter (e.g. job interview)
Context-based: Anxiety in a particular situation
COMMUNICATION SKILLS IMPROVEMENT
1: State the problem 2: State the goal 3: Outline a specific procedure for reaching the goal
4: Devise a method for determining when the goal is reached.
THANK YOU(TY, )
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