chapter 1 introduction and history of psychology
Post on 26-Dec-2015
243 Views
Preview:
TRANSCRIPT
Chapter 1Chapter 1
Introduction and History of Psychology
What Is Psychology – What Is Psychology – and What Is It Not?and What Is It Not?
Psychology is a broad field, with many specialties, but fundamentally, psychology is the science of behavior
and mental processes
What Is Psychology – What Is Psychology – and What Is It Not?and What Is It Not?
Psychology – The scientific study of behavior and mental processes
Psychology is notMere speculation about human nature
A body of folk wisdom about people that “everybody knows” to be true
Pseudopsychology –
Erroneous assertions of practices set forth as being scientific psychology
What Is Psychology – What Is Psychology – and What Is It Not?and What Is It Not?
Psychology disputes unfounded claims from pseudopsychology
What DoWhat DoPsychologists Do?Psychologists Do?
Psychology is a broad field with many specialties, grouped
in three major categories: experimental psychology,
teaching of psychology and applied psychology
What DoWhat DoPsychologists Do?Psychologists Do?
Experimental psychologists:
• ____________________________
• _____________________________
• ______________________________
I/OI/O SportsSports
School School
CounselingCounseling
EngineeringEngineering
RehabilitationRehabilitation
Use knowledge developed by experimental psychologists to solve human problems
ClinicalClinical
What DoWhat DoPsychologists Do?Psychologists Do?
Applied psychologists
I/O (Industrial/Organizational)I/O (Industrial/Organizational)
Sports PsychologistsSports Psychologists
Engineering Psychologists (aka Human Engineering Psychologists (aka Human Factors Psychologists)Factors Psychologists)
School PsychologistsSchool Psychologists
Rehabilitation PsychologistsRehabilitation Psychologists
Counseling and Clinical PsychologistsCounseling and Clinical Psychologists
What Are Psychology’s What Are Psychology’s Historical Roots?Historical Roots?
Modern psychology developed from several
conflicting traditions, including structuralism, functionalism, Gestalt
psychology, behaviorism, and psychoanalysis
Devoted to uncovering Devoted to uncovering basic structures that make basic structures that make
up mind and thoughtup mind and thought
TraditionTradition
StructuralismStructuralism
Functionalism
Psychoanalysis
Gestalt psychology
Behaviorism
Wilhelm Wundt
StructuralismStructuralism
• Founded by ________
•Father of Psychology
•1879; Leipzig, Germany
•First ___________
•Known for ideas of Introspection – the process of looking within.
•Report sensations, images, and feelings of objects.
Believed mental processes could best be understood in
terms of their adaptive purpose and function
TraditionTradition
Structuralism
Functionalism Functionalism
Psychoanalysis
Gestalt psychology
Behaviorism
William James
FunctionalismFunctionalism
• Founded by ___________
•1890’s; Harvard
•Big fan of Darwin (who, by the way, helped to kick off psychology)
•Wrote the 1st __________
•Disagreed with Wundt – said that sensations are only a part of the picture.
•What about emotions that are triggered? Our thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are adaptive and that there is a specific function of these things.
Interested in how we construct “perceptual
wholes”
TraditionTradition
Structuralism
Functionalism
Psychoanalysis
Gestalt Gestalt psychologypsychology
Behaviorism
GestaltGestalt
• Prominent Gestalt Psychologists ________________ and ____________
•Wertheimer was interested in visual illusions and ambiguous figures (like the Necker Cube we saw earlier).
•Kohler was interested in “a-ha” moments known as “insight learning”, which is when we see something for being more than what it is or suddenly “get it!”.
•Relied on introspection – report sensations and what you see and feel.
•However, the idea is that the “________________________________________________”
Argued psychology should deal solely with observable
events
TraditionTradition
Structuralism
Functionalism
Psychoanalysis
Gestalt psychology
BehaviorismBehaviorism
John B. Watson
BehaviorismBehaviorism
• Led by ____________ in the 1920’s.
•They were the ones that liked to cause controversy – they disagreed with everyone else.
•They were only interested in observable behaviors because that was the only thing that could be considered “reliable evidence.”
•So, forget what people are ___________, they were only interested in why people were ____________ or ____________.
Asserted mental disorders arise from conflicts in the
unconscious mind
TraditionTradition
Structuralism
Functionalism
PsychoanalysisPsychoanalysis
Gestalt psychology
Behaviorism
Sigmund Freud
PsychoanalysisPsychoanalysis
“Nomophobia is the fear of being out of mobile phone contact - and it's the plague of our 24/7 age”
“Experts say nomophobia could affect up to 53 percent of mobile phone users.”
• Father of Psychoanalysis is ____________ – 1930’s.
•Said that all problems arise or are related to __________________– it is the infantile source of behavior (id, ego, superego).
•Where do our hidden fears or desires come from; how is our past related to our fears and desires and obsessions?
What are the Perspectives What are the Perspectives Psychologists Use Today?Psychologists Use Today?
((1)Psychoanalytic, (2)Cognitive, (3)Behavioral, 1)Psychoanalytic, (2)Cognitive, (3)Behavioral, (4)Humanistic, (5)Biological, (6)Sociocultural, (4)Humanistic, (5)Biological, (6)Sociocultural,
(7)Evolutionary(7)Evolutionary
1
2345
6
7
View of Human Nature:View of Human Nature:
We are driven by dark forces of We are driven by dark forces of the unconsciousthe unconscious
PerspectivePerspective
What Determines Behavior:What Determines Behavior:
Unconscious needs, conflicts, Unconscious needs, conflicts, repressed memories, and repressed memories, and
childhood experienceschildhood experiences
Slogan/Mnemonic:Slogan/Mnemonic:
Biological
Developmental
1.1.Psychodynamic Psychodynamic or Psychoanalyticor Psychoanalytic
Sociocultural
Cognitive
Behavioral
Trait
Humanistic
Evolutionary/Sociobiological
View of Human Nature:View of Human Nature:
People are information-People are information-processing systemsprocessing systems
What Determines Behavior:What Determines Behavior:
Mental interpretation of our Mental interpretation of our experienceexperience
Slogan/MnemonicSlogan/Mnemonic
PerspectivePerspective
Biological
Developmental
Psychodynamic
Sociocultural
2. Cognitive2. Cognitive
Behavioral
Trait
Humanistic
Evolutionary/Sociobiological
View of Human Nature:View of Human Nature:
Behavior is primarily shaped by Behavior is primarily shaped by learninglearning
PerspectivePerspective
What Determines Behavior:What Determines Behavior:
Stimulus cues and our history of Stimulus cues and our history of rewards and punishmentsrewards and punishments
Slogan/MnemonicSlogan/Mnemonic
Biological
Developmental
Psychodynamic
Sociocultural
Cognitive
3. Behavioral3. Behavioral
Trait
Humanistic
Evolutionary/Sociobiological
View of Human Nature:View of Human Nature:
Emphasizes human growth and Emphasizes human growth and potentialpotential
PerspectivePerspective
What Determines Behavior:What Determines Behavior:
The influence of self-concept, The influence of self-concept, perceptions, and interpersonal perceptions, and interpersonal relationships, and on need for relationships, and on need for
personal growthpersonal growth
Slogan/Mnemonic:Slogan/Mnemonic:
Biological
Developmental
Psychodynamic
Sociocultural
Cognitive
Behavioral
Trait
4. Humanistic4. Humanistic
Evolutionary/Sociobiological
View of Human Nature:View of Human Nature:
We are complex systems that We are complex systems that respond to hereditary and respond to hereditary and environmental influencesenvironmental influences
What Determines Behavior:What Determines Behavior:
Neural structures, Neural structures, biochemistry, and inborn biochemistry, and inborn
responses to external cuesresponses to external cuesSlogan/Mnemonic:Slogan/Mnemonic:
PerspectivePerspective5.Biological or 5.Biological or
BiopsychologicalBiopsychological
Developmental
Psychodynamic
Sociocultural
Cognitive
Behavioral
Trait
Humanistic
Evolutionary/Sociobiological
View of Human Nature:View of Human Nature:
People are social animals, so People are social animals, so human behavior must be human behavior must be
interpreted in social contextinterpreted in social context
PerspectivePerspective
What Determines Behavior:What Determines Behavior:
Cultures, social norms and Cultures, social norms and expectations, social learning expectations, social learning
Slogan/Mnemonic:Slogan/Mnemonic:
Biological
Developmental
Psychodynamic
6.Sociocultural6.Sociocultural
Cognitive
Behavioral
Trait
Humanistic
Evolutionary/Sociobiological
View of Human Nature:View of Human Nature:
Behavior is developed and Behavior is developed and adapted over timeadapted over time
PerspectivePerspective
What Determines Behavior:What Determines Behavior:
Natural selection Natural selection
Slogan/Mnemonic:Slogan/Mnemonic:
Biological
Developmental
Psychodynamic
Sociocultural
Cognitive
Behavioral
Trait
Humanistic
7.Evolutionary/7.Evolutionary/SociobiologicalSociobiological
View of Human Nature:View of Human Nature:
We undergo predictable patterns We undergo predictable patterns of change throughout our livesof change throughout our lives
What Determines Behavior:What Determines Behavior:
Interaction between Interaction between heredity heredity and and environmentenvironment
Slogan/Mnemonic:Slogan/Mnemonic:
PerspectivePerspective
Biological
8.8.DevelopmentalDevelopmental
Psychodynamic
Sociocultural
Cognitive
Behavioral
Trait
Humanistic
Evolutionary/Sociobiological
View of Human Nature:View of Human Nature:
Individual differences result from Individual differences result from differences in our underlying differences in our underlying
patterns of stable characteristicspatterns of stable characteristics
PerspectivePerspective
What Determines Behavior:What Determines Behavior:
Each person’s unique combination Each person’s unique combination of traits of traits
Slogan/Mnemonic:Slogan/Mnemonic:
Biological
Developmental
Psychodynamic
Sociocultural
Cognitive
Behavioral
9.Trait9.Trait
Humanistic
Evolutionary/Sociobiological
End of Chapter 1End of Chapter 1
top related