chapter 1 introduction to engineering drawing and design
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Chapter 1
Introduction to Engineering Drawing and Design
History of Drafting – the Renaissance
– History has not documented the history of inventors and engineers, much less drafting, very well.
– DaVinci’s drawings, more artistic than engineering-oriented, served as schematics for one-of-a-kind machines.
• No dimensions were included• No interchangeable parts
•[Insert Figure 1.1]
History of Drafting – the 19th Century
• The development of the micrometer in the late 1800s made interchangeability of parts achievable, though difficult.– Interchangeability forced inventors, engineers,
and builders to produce accurate and dimensioned drawings.
– Most designs were accomplished by • Developing a pattern from a wood model produced
from hand sketches
History of Drafting – the early 20th Century
• Henry Ford– Famous “blackboards” were actually drafting
tables– Would sketch cars and parts in 3D
• Patternmakers would construct full-size models in wood
History of Drafting - Schools
• 1824– Philadelphia
• Founded to advance the general interests of mechanics and entrepreneurs by extending a knowledge of mechanical science.
– Abandoned due to conflicts between classical learning experts and science & practical learning academics
– Upstate New York• Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute founded
– Founded by Amos Eaton “for the purpose of instructing persons … in the application of science to the common purposes of life.”
History of Drafting - Schools
• 1862– Morrill Act
• Federal government assistance• Helped the emergence of more technical schools
Myth Debunked
• There is a common thought that “it” (the Great Pyramids, steam engine, and other mechanical marvels) all started with a drawing.– Cartoons, freehand sketches, and graphic
models did exist, however,• It is accurate to say that before most things were
built, they were tested with a 3D model.
Drafting Technology
• Theoretical and practical occupational areas, including– Architecture– Engineering– Math and Physical Sciences– Social Sciences
• Support occupational areas
Definition
• Drafter– Translate data and sketches into detailed
drawings• Used in manufacturing and construction
– Duties may include• Interpreting directions• Making sketches• Preparing scaled drawings• Specifying details
Definition
• Drafter– Translate data and sketches into detailed drawings
• Used in manufacturing and construction
– Duties may include• Interpreting directions• Making sketches• Preparing scaled drawings• Specifying details• Calculating stresses and strains• Developing cost information
– Use instruments, computers, and engineering theory and practice to generate and complete drawings.
Occupations
• Architectural Drafter– Draws architectural
and structural features
– Confirms code compliance
– Plans architectural details
[Insert Figure 1.3(a) here]
Occupations
• Landscape Drafter– Prepares detailed
drawings from sketches provided by Landscape Architect
• Site plan• Drainage plan• Lighting plan• Paving plan• Irrigation plan
– Generate models – Prepared presentation
drawings
[Insert Figure 1.4 here]
Occupations
• Electrical Drafter– Prepares electrical
equipment working drawings and wiring diagrams
• Electronics Drafter– Drafts layout and detail
drawings of racks, panels, and enclosures.
– Conducts service and interference studies
– Prepares maps and charts
Occupations
• Civil Drafter– Prepares detailed
construction drawings, topographic profiles, and related maps and specifications for
• Highway construction• River and harbor
improvements• Flood control • Drainage
[Insert Figure 1.7 here]
Occupations
• Structural Drafter– Draws plans and
details for structures
• Wood• Masonry• Reinforced steel
– Produces foundation and framing plans
[Insert Figure 1.8 here]
Professional Organization
• ADDA– American Design Drafting Association
• Founded in 1948• Non-profit• Dedicated to advancement of design and drafting• Based in Tennessee• Website
– http://www.adda.org
Computers in Drafting and Design
• CAD– Computer-aided drafting
• CADD– Computer-aided design and drafting
• Parametric modelingChange geometries by changing dimensions and
features
Computers in Drafting and Design
• VR– Virtual reality
• Demonstrates products or displays materials on the Web• Walk-through
– A camera in a program that simulates a person walking through a structure
• Fly-through– A camera in a program that simulates a helicopter flying about a
structure
• Internet– Worldwide network of computers
• Intranet– Links computers within an organization
Computers in Drafting and Design
• Rapid Prototyping (RP)– Manufacturing process– Solid, physical part is made directly from a 3D model– No special tooling– Two types
• Stereolithography• Fused deposition modeling
Computers in Drafting and Design
• Advantages of CADD– More accuracy– Greater efficiency– Allows for greater creativity and innovation– Produces accurate, legible, and uniform drawings– Enables companies to achieve more consistency in
standards
CADD Standards• NACFAM
– National Council for Advanced Manufacturing– Provides publications for beginning CADD users– Website
• http://www.nacfam.org• United States National CAD Standards
– Created by • CADD/GIS Center• AIA• CSI• SMACNA• GSA• NIBS
– Website• http://www.nationalcadstandard.org
Becoming a Drafter
• Should be– Mechanically minded and able to visualize all types of
entities– Willing to work in cross-functional teams– Detail-oriented– Committed to accurate work
• Training– Specialized
• Includes computer-aided drafting and design (CADD)
Becoming a Drafter
• Where to Train– Community and Junior Colleges– Technical Institutes– Vocational Schools
Opportunities
• Levels of drafting– Entry-level: close supervision– Intermediate-level: more complex
responsibilities and less supervision• Exercise more judgment• Perform calculations
– Supervisory-level: oversee other drafters– Designer-level: generate concepts
Opportunities
• Advancement opportunities are excellent– Based on
• Specific employer’s needs• Location supply and demand• Individual’s
– Initiative– Ability– Product knowledge– Willingness to continue education
» “Professional development”
Opportunities
• Drafting is an excellent stepping-stone to– Design– Engineering– Management
Searching for a Drafting Position
• Internet
• College or University Placement Office
• Personal network of friends, relatives, employers, and teachers
Successfully Seeking Employment
• Get your resume in order– Must be a quality and professional
representation of you
• Write an application or cover letter
• Prepare a portfolio– Tailor to needs of prospective employer
Copyrights, Patents, and Trademarks
• Copyright– Legal rights given to authors of “original works of authorship”– Exists from time the work is created in fixed form
• Patent– Grant of property right to the inventor– Invention must have useful purpose and operate– Term: 20 years from date of application
• Trademark– Word, phrase, symbol, design, or combination thereof that
distinguishes a good or service of one party from a good or service from another party
Summary
• Drafting started as sketching and evolved when interchangeable parts became the norm in manufacturing.
• Drafters are employed in many types of industries and companies and can become supervisors and designers with experience and added education.
• Computers have made drafting more accurate, more efficient, and more consistent.
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