chapter 10: games and strategic behavior

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Chapter 10: Games and Strategic Behavior

– Game theory attempts to mathematically capture behavior in strategic situations, in which an individual's success in making choices depends on the choices of others. (Wikipedia)

– The actions taken by monopolistic competitors or oligopolies are interdependent, so are their payoffs.

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Game Theory

• Basic elements of a game– The players– Their available strategies, actions, or decisions– The payoff to each player for each possible action

• A dominant strategy is one that yields a higher payoff no matter what the other player does– Dominated strategy is any other strategy available

to a player who has a dominant strategy

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Example: American and United – Scenario 1

• Players: United and American Airlines supplying service between Chicago and St. Louis– No other carriers

• Strategies: Increase advertising by $1,000 or not

• Assumption– All payoffs are known to all parties

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Payoff Matrix

American Airlines Options

United Airlines Options

Raise Spending No Raise

Raise Spending

United: $5,500

American: $5,500

United $8,000

American $2,000

No RaiseUnited: $2,000

American: $8,000

United: $6,000

American: $6,000

Payoff is symmetric Dominant strategy is raise advertising spending Both companies are worse off

• Payoff is symmetric

• Dominant strategy is raise advertising spending– Both companies are worse off

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Equilibrium in a Game

• In an equilibrium, each player of the game has adopted a strategy that they are unlikely to change.

• Nash equilibrium is any combination of strategies in which each player’s strategy is her or his best choice, given the other player’s strategies– Equilibrium occurs when each player follows his

dominant strategy, if it exists– Equilibrium does not require a dominant strategy

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American and United – Scenario 2

• Same situation– Different payoffs; non-symmetric

–America raises spending•United anticipates American action; does not raise

American Airlines Options

United Airlines Options

Raise Spending No Raise

Raise Spending

United:

$3,000

American:

$4,000

United $8,000

American $3,000

No Raise

United:

$4,000

American:

$5,000

United: $5,000

American: $2,000

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Prisoner's Dilemma

The prisoner's dilemma has a dominant strategy

The resulting payoffs are smaller than if each had stayed silent

Dominant strategy

Optimal strategy

Jasper's Options

Horace's Options

Confess Don't Confess

ConfessHorace: 5 years

Jasper: 5 years

Horace: 0 years

Jasper: 20 years

Don't ConfessHorace: 20 years

Jasper: 0 years

Horace: 1 year

Jasper: 1 year

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Cartels

• A cartel is a coalition of firms that agree to restrict output to increase economic profit– Restrict total output

• Allocate quotas to each player

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Cartel in Action: An Example

• Two suppliers of bottled water agree to split the market equally– Price is set at monopoly level

• If one party charges less, he gets all of the market

– Marginal cost is zero– Agreement is not legally enforceable

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Bottled Water Cartel

• Each party has an incentive to lower the price a little to increase its economic profits

• Successive reductions result in price equal to marginal cost

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Bottled Water Cartel

Mountain Spring's Options

Aquapure's Options

Charge $1 Charge $0.90

Charge $1Aquapure: $500

Mtn Spring: $500

Aquapure: $0

Mtn Spring: $990

Charge $0.90

Aquapure: $990

Mtn Spring: $0

Aquapure: $495

Mtn Spring: $495

Repeated Prisoner's Dilemma

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• Two players with repeated interactions– Each has a stake in the future outcomes

• Both players benefit from collaboration– Tit-for-tat strategy limits defections

• Tit-for-tat strategy says my move in this round is whatever your move was in the last round– If you defected, I defect

• Tit-for-tat is rarely observed in the market – This strategy breaks down with more than two

players or potential players