chapter 11 review genetics. heterozygous person who does not show a recessive disorder but can pass...

Chapter 11 ReviewGENETICS

Heterozygous person who does not show a recessive disorder but can pass a recessive allele on to their offspring

carrier

When 2 alleles DON’T BLENDbut BOTH SHOW TOGETHERlike in A B blood type, it is called_______________

Codominance incomplete dominance

codominance

Another name for heterozygous

hybrid

The diagram at the rightis called a _____________Punnett square

__________________ = An allele that MASKS the presence of another allele

Trait determined by more thantwo alleles

DOMINANT

Multiple allele trait

_______________

are different gene

choices for a trait.

ALLELES

A dominant gene is represented by a ____________ letter.(usually the first letter of the trait)

capital

When a heterozygous individual showsa blending of 2 alleles instead of one being dominant over the other it is called___________ ____________.Incomplete dominance

When both alleles in the pair are DIFFERENT the organism is

_________________ or _____________HETEROZYGOUS HYBRID

X-linked trait

Trait determined by a genelocated on an X chromosome

When both alleles in the pair are the SAME the organism is

_________________ or _____________HOMOZYGOUS PURE (PURE-BREEDING)

monohybrid

A cross that involves individuals that are heterozygous for 1 traitis called a ____________ cross.

Crossing individuals from the P1 generation produces the

____ generation.F1

F2

Crossing individuals from the F1 generation produces the ____ generation.

X or Y chromosomes that determine sex of an individual

Sex chromosomes

glycoproteins

Molecule found on the surface of cells which helps cells recognize “self”and provides blood types

Chromosome that is not a sex chromosome

autosome

genotype

The genetic makeup of an individual; “the genes it has”

__________________ = An allele that is MASKED BY the presence of another allele

Trait determined by two or more genes

RECESSIVE

POLYGENIC trait

Process in sexual reproduction in which male and female reproductive cells join to form a new cell; joining of an egg and sperm

specific characteristic that varies from one individual to another;

Fertilization

trait

Term used to describe organisms that produce offspring identical to themselves if allowed to self-pollinate

PURE orPURE (TRUE) BREEDING

Offspring of crosses between parents with different traits; Refers to organisms with one dominant and one recessive allele (Tt)

HETEROZYGOUSor HYBRID

The separation of alleles when homologous chromosomes separate to form gametes

Specialized cells involved in sexual reproduction; also called sperm and egg cells

SEGREGATION

GAMETES

The random mixing of maternal and paternal chromosomes when homologous chromosomes separate during Anaphase I to form gametes (sperm or egg cells) during meiosis

INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENT

__________________ = An allele that is MASKED BY the presence of another allele

Trait determined by two or more genes

RECESSIVE

POLYGENIC trait

dihybrid

A cross between heterozygousindividuals with 2 traitsis called a ____________ cross.

Who is the “Father of Genetics”?

Gregor Mendel

When 2 alleles DON’T BLENDbut BOTH SHOW TOGETHERlike in A B blood type, it is called_______________

Codominance incomplete dominance

codominance

Transmission of characteristics from parents to offspring is called ___________________.

_____________ is the study of how characteristics are passed on from one generation to the next.

heredity

Genetics

__________________ = An allelethat IS MASKED BY the

presence of another allele

RECESSIVE

The appearance of an organism is

its _____________phenotype

Another name for heterozygous

hybrid

The diagram at the rightis called a _____________Punnett square

__________________ = An allele that MASKS the presence of another allele

Red and white flowers producingpink offspring is an example of

_______________________ Codominance incomplete dominance

DOMINANT

Incomplete dominance

A recessive gene is represented by a _________________ letter.lower case

What phenotypic ratio would youexpect to see in offspring from amonohybrid cross of 2 heterozygous parents?

3:1 Dominant:recessive

A dominant gene is represented by a ____________ letter.(usually the first letter of the trait)

capital

When a heterozygous individual showsa blending of 2 alleles instead of one being dominant over the other it is called___________ ____________.Incomplete dominance

When both alleles in the pair are the SAME the organism is _______________ or __________

9:3:3:1

HOMOZYGOUS PURE

What phenotype ratio is a cluethat there has been a dihybrid crossbetween 2 heterozygous parents?

R = red flowers r = white flowers

Red

pink

An Rr organism would have ____________ flowers if this trait was COMPLETELY DOMINANT.

An Rr organism would have ____________ flowers if this trait was INCOMPLETELY DOMINANT.

An Rr organism would have ______________ flowers if this trait was CODOMINANT.

BOTH red & white

What are Mendel’s 2 laws of heredity?

Law of SegregationLaw of Independent Assortment

F1

The offspring of the P1 generationare called the ____ generation

Give an example of a trait that

shows incomplete dominanceflower color in Four o’clocks

True; Type O is the universal donor

TRUE or FALSEA person with Type O blood couldbe a blood donor for a person withType AB blood.

When both alleles in the pair are DIFFERENT the organism is

_________________ or _____________HETEROZYGOUS HYBRID

monohyridA cross that involves only 1 traitis called a ____________ cross.

T = Tall

t = short

The genotype of the offspring from the

cross at the right is _________.

Their phenotype is _________.

Tttall

Which of the following genotypesis homozygous?

TT Ww Bb rr mm BB Tt

TT rr mm BB

pureAnother name for homozygous is________.

Which of these Punnett squares would you

use to predict the offspring of a DIHYBRID cross?

This one!

In the cross at the

right __________

is dominant for flower color.

red

Tt Mm Rr

Which of the following genotypesis from a heterozygous organism?

Tt SS bb Mm Rr kk

A gene is a segment of _______that codes for a trait.

DNA

meiosis

The Law of Segregation and theLaw of Independent Assortmentare the result of the movement ofchromosomes during ___________

mitosis meiosis

Crossing a red haired horse with a white haired horse produces a roan colored horse.

(Both alleles for hair color show together). This kind of inheritance is called ___________________Co-dominance

What type of genotype is used to make a test cross?

Homozygous recessive

hemophilia

Name the X-linked recessive genetic disorder which causes excessive bleeding.

In guinea pigs, black fur (B) is dominant over brown fur (b).

If a black Guinea pig is crossed witha brownGuinea pig and the littercontains a brown baby, the genotypeof the black parent is probably

BB Bb bb

Bb; Must have one B to be black must have one b to pass on to baby

Crossing individuals from the P1 generation produces the

____ generation.F1

DNAA gene is a segment of ______.

DNA PROTEIN RNA CARBOHYDRATE

L = Blue legs l = yellow legs

Blue

green

An Rr organism would have ____________ legs if this trait was COMPLETELY DOMINANT.

An Rr organism would have ____________ legs if this trait was INCOMPLETELY DOMINANT.

An Rr organism would have ______________ legs if this trait was CODOMINANT.

BOTH Blue & yellow

Crossing individuals from the F1 generation produces the

____ generation.F2

A person with this type of blood could DONATE to Type __________blood A or AB

In a monohybrid cross of twoHETEROZYGOUS parents (Pp), you would

expect the offspring to be:

1 pp:3 PP 3 Pp:1 pp

1 PP:2 Pp:1 pp

1 PP:2 Pp:1 pp all Pp

Draw a picture of a blood cell from a person with Type AB blood.

This person could give blood to anindividual with type ________ blood.

This blood type is called the universal_________________.

AB

RECIPIENT

Draw a picture of a blood cell from a person with Type O blood.

This blood type is called the universal_________________. DONOR

No change. There are NO A, B, or O proteins on the surface of a type O cell.

Draw a picture of a blood cell from a person with Type A blood.

This person could give blood to an individual with type __________ bloodA or AB

Draw a picture of a blood cell from a person with Type A blood.

This person could give blood to an individual with type __________ bloodB or AB

Name another blood type you learned about besides the A,B,O system.

Rh (positive and negative)

glycoproteins

Tell the molecule found on the surfaceof cells which helps cells recognize “self”and provides blood types

The parents in this cross are _____________ Homozygous Heterozygous

Heterozygous

If G is dominant for green pods and g is recessive for yellow pods, what percentage of the offspring will have green pods? _______% 75

GG Gg

Gg gg

G gG

g

B b

B

b

The genotype of the offspring in the blue box is _______

bb

The offspring in the blue box is homozygous heterozygous

homozygous

B b

B

b

In guinea pigs black fur (B) is dominant over brown fur (b). The Punnett square for a cross between a HETEROZYGOUS black guinea pig and a PURE brown guinea pig would look like

This is the Correct setup

Heterozygous = BbPure brown = bb

B B

b

b

B b

b

b

B b

B

B

Another name for pure is _________________homozygous

A oA AA Ao

B AB Bo

F A & B are codominant

The alleles for blood type show 2 kinds of inheritance..

The following statements are TRUE or FALSE?

A is dominant over B.O is dominant over A.A is dominant over O.B and A are co-dominantA is incompletely dominant over O.O is recessive to A and to B

F O is recessive to both A & B TTFT

An organism has the genotype Xy.

What are the possible sperm it can produce? ______ ______

THINK ABOUT IT:If females have an XX genotype and can only give X genes, which parent is the one that determines whether the baby is a boy or girl?

X y

Father ;The mother always gives an XIf the father gives a y, it’s a boy.If the father gives an X; it’s a girl.

If you cross a homozygous RED flowered four o’clock plant with a homozygous WHITE flowered plant, ALL of the offspring produced have PINK flowers.

This type of inheritance in which the heterozygote (Rr) shows a blending of traits is called __________.

A. Dominant/recessive inheritance B. Co-dominance

C. Incomplete dominance

Incomplete dominance

What are the possible phenotypes of their offspring?

(% and color)

Red throats (R) are dominant over white (r)throats in Goonie birds.

Make a cross between a PURE RECESSIVE and a HETEROZYGOUS Goonie bird.

50% red throats 50% white throats

Rr rr

Rr rr

R r

r

r

What are the possible phenotypes of their offspring?

(% and color)

Black eyes (B) are dominant over red eyes (b) in rats.

Make a cross between two HETEROZYGOUS rats.

75 % black eyes 25% red eyes

B b

B b

BB Bb

Bb bb

The parents in this cross are _____________ Homozygous Heterozygous

Homozygous

If W is dominant for long wings and w is recessive for short wings, what percentage of these offspring will have short wings? _______%

0% only ww makes it short

Who is the “Father of Genetics”?

Gregor Mendel

Which of the following genotypes could be from a HETEROZYGOUS organism?

TT Rr Ww bb XX Ss

Rr Ww Ss

What kind of cross is this?

Pure dominant X pure recessiveHeterozygous X heterozygousHeterozygous X homozygousHybrid recessive X hybrid pure

Heterozygous X Homozygous

Another name for heterozygous is _______________hybrid

What is the probability the offspring will have straight tails?

In Reebops curly tails (T) are dominant over straight tails (t).

Make a cross between a HOMOZYGOUS DOMINANT and a HOMOZYGOUS RECESSIVE Reebop.

0% All will be Curly tailed (Tt)

Tt Tt

Tt Tt

T T

t

t

What do we call the offspring of the F1 generation?

F2

Which of the following genotypes could be from a HOMOZYGOUS RECESSIVE organism?

TT bb Rr Ww tt XX aa

bb tt aa

A a

A

a

The genotype of the offspring in the blue box is _______ homozygous heterozygous

heterozygous

How many of the offspring from this cross will show the dominant characteristic?

¾ (75%) – AA and Aa

G g

G GG Gg

g gg

G is dominant for green pods.g is recessive for yellow pods.

What is the genotype of the offspring in the shaded box?

Gg

What is the phenotype of the offspring in the shaded box?

Green pods

Which of the following is NOT TRUE?

Genotype determines phenotype Alleles are different forms of the same gene. Genotype is the way the genes make you look. Organisms with different genotypes

can have the same phenotype.

T

T

F

T

Tt and TT both look tall

What are the 3 different kinds of inheritance you learned about?

Dominant/recessiveIncomplete dominanceCo-dominance

Offspring of the P1 generation are called ______

F1

What are the probable blood types of the offspring?

What are the possible offspring of a cross between a blood type AB mom and a type O dad?

50% Type A 50% Type B

Ao Bo

Ao Bo

A B

O

O

What will the offspring be like?

(% and color)

Purple (P)is the dominant color for monsters. Yellow is recessive (p).Make a cross between a HOMOZYGOUS purple and a yellow monster.

100% purple

Pp Pp

Pp Pp

P P

p

p

What genotype would a PURPLE dad have to be to make a yellow monster baby with a Purple (Pp) mom monster?

P p?

?

pp

Pp

Dad needs to have: a little p to give one to the baby a big P to be purple himself

Wilma and Fred are going to have a baby.Fred in AA and Wilma is oo.

What are the possible blood types of their baby?

100% will have A type blood

Ao Ao

Ao Ao

A A

o

o

Wilma and Fred are going to have a baby.Fred in AA and Wilma is oo.

What are the possible blood types of their baby?

100% will have A type blood

Ao Ao

Ao Ao

A A

o

o

In a DIHYBRID HETEROZYGOUS cross the offspring that are

9/16 are _______________ for both traits.

3/16 are _____________ for one trait and _____________ for the other.

1/16 are _____________ for both traits.

Dominant

FILL IN THE BLANKS WITH THE WORDS Dominant OR Recessive

DominantRecessive Recessive

How would you write a genotype of a male with an X-linked recessive genetic disorder like hemophilia

XhY

________________ can be carriers of X-linked recessive traits only females only males Both males and females

ONLY FEMALES

How would you write a genotype of a female who is a carrier for an X-linked recessive genetic disorder like hemophilia

Xh XH

________________ can be carriers of AUTOSOMAL recessive traits only females only males Both males and females

Both males & females

What are the 3 different kinds of inheritance you learned about?

Dominant/recessiveIncomplete dominanceCo-dominance

Offspring of the P1 generation are called ______

F1

What are the 3 different kinds of inheritance you learned about?

Dominant/recessiveIncomplete dominanceCo-dominance

Offspring of the P1 generation are called ______

F1

A heterozygous person that does not show a recessive trait but carries the recessive allele and can pass it to their offspring is called a_____________

carrier

X-linked recessive disorder which causes a person to be unable to distinguish red and green colors

Name the X-linked recessivegenetic disorder which causes excessive bleeding.

colorblindness

HEMOPHILIA

Name the two X-linked recessive disorders you learned about

A B O blood groups are an example of a _______________trait X-linked multiple allele polygenic

Colorblindness & hemophilia

Multiple allele

Name the two X-linked recessive disorders you learned about

Give an example of a polygenictrait in humans

Colorblindness & hemophilia

Hair color, skin color, height,Intelligence . . . There are more!

X-linked recessive traits show up more frequently in ________ males females

Which combination of sex chromosomes do males have?

males

They don’t have a “back up” X

XY

Which parent determines the sexof a child?

Which combination of sex chromosomes do females have?

XX

DAD – give X to daughters and Y to sons

Name the branch of genetics that studies the molecules added to DNA that control which genes are turned on or off.

Name the chemical “tags” addedto DNA to silence genes

Methyl groups

epigenetics

Name some environmental factorsthat can add or remove epigentic“tags” on DNA

Adding methyl groups to DNA turns genes ______ on off

OFF

Diet, exercise, stress, chemicals in environment