chapter 14 information system development. discuss the importance of project management, feasibility...

Chapter 14Information System Development

Discuss the importance of project management, feasibility

assessment, data and information gathering

techniques, and documentation

Explain the phases in the system development life cycle

Identify the guidelines for system development

Recognize the responsibilities of various IT professionals

Describe how structured tools such as entity-relationship

diagrams and dataflow diagrams are used in analysis

and design

Differentiate between packaged software and custom software

Identify program development as part of the system

development life cycle

Discuss techniques used to convert to a new system

Chapter 14 Objectives

Next

p.14.2

Understand how IT professionals support an

information system

What is the System Development Life Cycle?What is an information system (IS)?

Set of hardware, software, data, people, and procedures that work together to produce information

p.14.2

Next

SystemSet of components that

interact to achieve common goal

Businesses use many types of systems

What is the System Development Life Cycle?What is the system development life cycle (SDLC)?

p.14. 2 Fig. 14-1

Next

What is the System Development Life Cycle?What are guidelines for system development?

Divide activities or tasks into phases Involve users Develop standards

• Sets of rules and procedures company expects employees to accept and follow

p.14..3

Next

What is the System Development Life Cycle?Who participates in the system development life cycle?

p.14. 4 Fig. 14-2

Next

systems

analyst

• programmers

• vendors

• Webmaster

• network engineer

• other system analysts• management

• database specialist

• data warehouse specialist• users

• data comm specialist

• steering committee

What is the System Development Life Cycle?What is a systems analyst?

Responsible for designing and developing information system

Liaison between users and IT professionals

Converts user requests into technical specifications

p.14.5

Next

What is the System Development Life Cycle?What is the project team?

Formed to work on project from beginning to end

Consists of users, systems analyst, and other IT professionals

p.14.5

Next

Project leaderManages and controls

project budget and schedule

What is the System Development Life Cycle?What is project management?

Process of planning, scheduling, and then controlling activities during SDLC

p.14.5

Next

Establish goal, objectives, and expectations of the project, called

the scope

List required activities

Determine time for each activity

Give cost estimates for each activity

Order activities

List activities that can take place at the same time

responsibilities of project manager

What is the System Development Life Cycle?What is a Gantt chart?

Popular tool used to plan and schedule time relationships among project activities

p.14.5 Fig. 14-3

Next

Operational feasibility

Schedule feasibility

Technical feasibility

Economic feasibility

also called cost/benefit feasibility

What is the System Development Life Cycle?What is feasibility?

Measure of how suitable system development will be to company

p.14.6

Next

four feasibility

tests

What is the System Development Life Cycle?What are six data and information gathering

techniques?

p.14.7

Next

Review documentation

Observe Questionnaire One-on-one

interview Joint (JAD)

interview session Research

What Initiates the System Development Life Cycle?

What are some reasons to create or modify an information system?

p.14.10

Next

To correct problem in

existing systemTo improve

existing system

Outside group may mandate change

Competition can lead to change

What Initiates the System Development Life Cycle?

What is a request for system services? Users write

formal request for new or modified information system

Also called project request

p.14.10 Fig. 14-7b

Next

Planning Phase

What is the planning phase? Begins when steering

committee receives project request

Function of committee:

• Review and approve project

• Prioritize requests

• Allocate resources

• Form projectdevelopment team

p.14.12

Next

Analysis Phase

What is the analysis phase? Consists of two major tasks

p.14.13

Conduct preliminary

investigation, also called feasibility

study

Perform detailed analysis

1. Study how current system works

2. Determine user’s wants, needs, and requirements

3. Recommend solution

Next

Analysis Phase

What is structured analysis and design?

Technique that attempts to address problem by using graphics and other tools

Used to document findings in way everyone can understand

p.14.15

Next

Entity-relationship

diagrams

Data flow diagrams

Project dictionary

Analysis Phase

What is an entity-relationship diagram (ERD)? Tool that

graphically showsconnections between entities insystem

p.14.16 Fig. 14-10

Next

Click to view Web Linkthen click Entity-Relationship Diagrams

EntityObject in

system that has data

Analysis Phase

What is a data flow diagram (DFD)? Tool that graphically shows flow of data in

system

p.14.17 Fig. 14-11

Next

Click to view Web Linkthen click Data Flow Diagrams

data storedata store

sourcesource

processprocess

data flowsdata flows

Analysis Phase

What is a project dictionary? Documentation and

deliverables of project Helps keep track of

huge amount of details in system

p.14.17

Next

Click to view Web Linkthen click Project Dictionary

structured English

decision tables

decision trees

data dictionary

Analysis Phase

What is structured English? Used to explain details of process in project

dictionary

p.14.18 Fig. 14-12

Next

Analysis Phase

What is a decision table?

p.14.18 Fig. 14-13

Next

Lists variety of conditions and actions that correspond to each condition

Analysis Phase

What is a decision tree? Diagram that shows conditions and actions

graphically

Next

p.14.18 Fig. 14-14

Analysis Phase

What is a data dictionary? Stores name, description, and other details

about each data item

p.14.19 Fig. 14-15

Next

Steering committee often must decide how system

will be developed

Buy packaged software from outside source?

Build own custom software?

Analysis Phase

What is the system proposal? Assesses feasibility

of each alternative solution

At conclusion of analysis phase, system proposal presented to steering committee for approval

p.14.19

Next Hire outside firm to handle more or all IT needs?

Design Phase

What is the design phase? Consists of two

major activities• Acquire hardware

and software• Develop all details

of new or modified information system

p.14.21

Next

Design Phase

Identify all hardware and software requirements of new or modified system

p.14.21

Next

Click to view video

Talk with other systems analysts

Visit vendors’ stores

Surf the WebRead print and online

trade journals, newspapers, and

magazines

What is needed to acquire new hardware and software?

Request for quotation

(RFQ)Identifies

product(s) you want

Vendor quotes price(s) for listed

product(s)

Request for information

(RFI)Less formal method that uses standard

form to request information about product or service

Request for proposal

(RFP)Vendor selects product(s) that

meets your requirements and

then quotes price(s)

Design Phase

What are three basic documents used to summarize technical specifications?

p.14.22

Next

Click to view Web Linkthen click Request for Proposal

Design Phase

What is a turnkey solution? Complete

system provided by value-added reseller

p.14.24 Fig. 14-19

Next

Design Phase

What is detailed design? Develop detailed

design specifications for components in proposed solution

Sometimescalled physical design

p.14.26

Next

Database design

Input and output design

Program design

Design Phase

What is a system flowchart? Documents

relationships among programs in process

Shows how other elements of system interact with major process

p.14.28 Fig. 14-24

Next

Design Phase

What is a prototype? Working model of

proposed system

p.14.28

Next

Rapid application development (RAD)

Process of developing applications with prototypes

Project repositoryStores diagrams, specifications, descriptions, programs, and any other deliverable generated

Design Phase

What is computer-aided software engineering(CASE)?

Software tools designed to support one or more SDLC activities

p.14.29

Next

Click to view Web Linkthen click CASE Products

GraphicsEnables drawing of diagrams

PrototypingCreates models of proposed system

Quality assuranceAnalyzes deliverables for accuracy

Code generatorsCreate actual computer programs

from design specifications

HousekeepingEstablishes user accounts and provides

backup and recovery functions

Design Phase

What is a structured walkthrough? Step-by-step review

by project team and users of any SDLC deliverable

Used to review detailed design specifications before they are given to programming team

p.14.30

Next

Implementation Phase

What is the implementation phase? Purpose is to construct, or build, new or

modified system and then deliver it to users

p.14.30

Next

Develop programs

Install and test new system

Train users

Convert to new system

Implementation Phase

Programmers write programs as per specifications

They follow an organized set of activities known as PDLC

p.14.30

Next

Analyze problem

Design programs

Code programs

Test programs

Formalize solution

Maintain programs

What is the program development life cycle (PDLC)?

Systems testVerifies all programs in

application work together properly

Implementation Phase

What are the three types of tests performed by system developers?

p.14.30

Next

Integration TestVerifies application works

with other applications

Acceptance Test

Performed by end-users; checks that new system works

with actual data

Implementation Phase

What is training?

Showing users exactly how they will use new hardware and software in system

p.14.31 Fig. 14-26

Next

Implementation Phase

What are conversion strategies? Used to change from old system to new system

p.14.31 Fig. 14-27

Next

Identify errors

Monitor system performance

Support Phase

Provides ongoing assistance after system is implemented

p.14.32

Next Identify enhancements

What is the support phase?

Conduct a post-implementation

system review

Summary of Information System Development

What is the system development life cycle? What initiates the system development life cycle? Planning phase Analysis phase Design phase Implementation phase Support phase

Chapter 14 Complete