chapter 15

Chapter 15Chapter 15

Chapter Focus Question: How did a Chapter Focus Question: How did a series of conflicts leave their mark series of conflicts leave their mark on Europe in the Middle Ages?on Europe in the Middle Ages?

Section 1 Focus Section 1 Focus Question: How did Question: How did popes try to popes try to establish authority establish authority over kings?over kings?

Medieval Conflicts and Medieval Conflicts and Crusades (700-1500)Crusades (700-1500)

Chapter 15, Sec. 1Chapter 15, Sec. 1 A Study in CooperationA Study in Cooperation

After Roman Rule collapsed in After Roman Rule collapsed in Europe, the Christian Church Europe, the Christian Church became the center of Medieval became the center of Medieval life.life.

Gradually kings restored law and Gradually kings restored law and order, but the popes claimed order, but the popes claimed authority over all of Christendom.authority over all of Christendom.

A Christian RulerA Christian Ruler

CharlemagneCharlemagne Devout ChristianDevout Christian Victories were proof of God’s blessingVictories were proof of God’s blessing Ordered priests and nuns to live strictly by Ordered priests and nuns to live strictly by

Church rulesChurch rules Scholars edited manuscripts to create a Scholars edited manuscripts to create a

librarylibrary His advisors were drawn from the clergyHis advisors were drawn from the clergy Encouraged all his subjects to live in Encouraged all his subjects to live in

perfect peace and charityperfect peace and charity

Charlemagne wanted the title “emperor”. Charlemagne wanted the title “emperor”. The title gave the ruler a special The title gave the ruler a special relationship with God. The only emperor relationship with God. The only emperor recognized by the Church was the recognized by the Church was the emperor of the Byzantine Empire.emperor of the Byzantine Empire.

A Pope in TroubleA Pope in Trouble Pope Leo III crowned Charlemagne emperor Pope Leo III crowned Charlemagne emperor

during a coronation or crowning ceremony in during a coronation or crowning ceremony in appreciation for being given protection when appreciation for being given protection when rivals tried to blind and remove him from rivals tried to blind and remove him from office.office.

The coronation strengthened the power of the The coronation strengthened the power of the Church in W. Europe by establishing the Church in W. Europe by establishing the principle that only the pope could crown an principle that only the pope could crown an emperor.emperor.

The Byzantine emperor saw the above as an The Byzantine emperor saw the above as an insult and created a growing division insult and created a growing division between the Eastern and Western Churches.between the Eastern and Western Churches.

Pope Leo III

Empress Empress Irene of Irene of

ConstantinoplConstantinople was upset e was upset

that that Charlemagne Charlemagne was crowned was crowned Emperor of Emperor of Rome, when Rome, when she felt that she felt that

was really her was really her role.role.

A Study in ConflictA Study in Conflict

Pope v. Pope v. EmperorEmperor

Charlemagne believed that God made Charlemagne believed that God made him emperor in order to do God’s work him emperor in order to do God’s work and the Pope’s duty to assist him.and the Pope’s duty to assist him.

Pope Leo believed that the Church had Pope Leo believed that the Church had made Charlemagne emperor, and made Charlemagne emperor, and therefore the emperor’s duty to assist the therefore the emperor’s duty to assist the Church.Church.

These views, 200 years later, led to a These views, 200 years later, led to a clash between the Emperor and clash between the Emperor and

Pope…Pope…

The Holy Roman EmpireThe Holy Roman Empire After the collapse of Charlemagne’s empire, the After the collapse of Charlemagne’s empire, the

German lands to the east were divided among a German lands to the east were divided among a number of dukes.number of dukes. The German king had little power over the The German king had little power over the

nobles.nobles. Otto the Great decided to increase his power.Otto the Great decided to increase his power.

He built a small empire by making alliances He built a small empire by making alliances with other nobles.with other nobles.

He persuaded the pope to crown him Holy He persuaded the pope to crown him Holy Roman Emperor.Roman Emperor.

He used the Church to support his He used the Church to support his authority.authority.

A Strong-Willed PopeA Strong-Willed Pope

1073 a monk named Hildebrand 1073 a monk named Hildebrand became Pope Gregory VII. He had became Pope Gregory VII. He had strong ideas and issued a list of rules.strong ideas and issued a list of rules. He declared his supreme authority over He declared his supreme authority over

both Church and secular leaders.both Church and secular leaders. He declared that the pope alone had the He declared that the pope alone had the

power to choose bishops.power to choose bishops. He claimed the power to remove He claimed the power to remove

emperors from the throne.emperors from the throne.

A Defiant RulerA Defiant Ruler

A clash between the Pope and Henry IV A clash between the Pope and Henry IV occurred when Henry ignored the pope’s occurred when Henry ignored the pope’s rules and named his own bishop for rules and named his own bishop for Milan, Italy.Milan, Italy.

In response the Pope appointed a rival In response the Pope appointed a rival bishop.bishop.

Henry tried to remove the Pope.Henry tried to remove the Pope. The Pope excommunicated Henry and The Pope excommunicated Henry and

feed his subjects from their feudal oaths feed his subjects from their feudal oaths of loyalty.of loyalty.

Across Europe, members of the clergy and Across Europe, members of the clergy and secular rulers took sides.secular rulers took sides.

In an effort to end his (Henry’s) In an effort to end his (Henry’s) excommunication, Henry visited the pope and, excommunication, Henry visited the pope and, as the story goes, was made to wait three days as the story goes, was made to wait three days in the snow. The pope finally forgave him, but in the snow. The pope finally forgave him, but the conflict continued long after Pope Gregory the conflict continued long after Pope Gregory and Henry had died.and Henry had died.

In 1122 the Church and the Holy Roman In 1122 the Church and the Holy Roman Empire reached an agreement called the Empire reached an agreement called the Concordat of Worms. This agreement gave the Concordat of Worms. This agreement gave the Church the sole authority to appoint bishops. Church the sole authority to appoint bishops. Emperors could give fiefs to bishops in order to Emperors could give fiefs to bishops in order to win their loyalty.win their loyalty.

Kings, Nobles, and the Kings, Nobles, and the Magna CartaMagna Carta

Sec. 2Sec. 2

Section Focus Question: How did the Section Focus Question: How did the Norman Conquest set in motion a chain Norman Conquest set in motion a chain of events that changed English rule and of events that changed English rule and law?law?

The Norman ConquestThe Norman Conquest

During the Viking During the Viking expansion expansion Norman’s settled Norman’s settled in Normandy, in Normandy, France and the France and the dukes became dukes became great feudal lords. great feudal lords. In time they In time they wanted new lands wanted new lands to rule…to rule…

Norman Claims on Norman Claims on EnglandEngland

The Normans were interested in England…The Normans were interested in England… England was ruled by a weak king, Edward the England was ruled by a weak king, Edward the

Confessor whose grandfather had been a Confessor whose grandfather had been a Norman duke and he had grown up in Norman duke and he had grown up in Normandy.Normandy.

The noble family the Godwins held the real The noble family the Godwins held the real power.power.

On Edward’s deathbed he promised the crown to On Edward’s deathbed he promised the crown to Harold Godwin, but William, duke of Normandy, Harold Godwin, but William, duke of Normandy, claimed that Edward had already promised him claimed that Edward had already promised him the crown. Harold became king, but he faced the crown. Harold became king, but he faced rivals. rivals.

William the ConquerorWilliam the Conqueror

In late September 1066, William of In late September 1066, William of Normandy, became William the Normandy, became William the Conqueror.Conqueror. Invaded southern England.Invaded southern England. He fought King Harold, killing Harold He fought King Harold, killing Harold

and his brothers, ending Anglo-Saxon and his brothers, ending Anglo-Saxon rule in England.rule in England.

On Christmas Day 1066, William was On Christmas Day 1066, William was crowned king of England.crowned king of England.

Norman InfluenceNorman Influence

The Norman Conquest transformed The Norman Conquest transformed England.England. King William introduced a strong feudal King William introduced a strong feudal

system.system. The Battle of Hastings wiped out many The Battle of Hastings wiped out many

great Anglo-Saxon noble families.great Anglo-Saxon noble families. William gave their lands to 180 Norman William gave their lands to 180 Norman

barons, concentrating wealth and power barons, concentrating wealth and power in a very small group.in a very small group.

England now had a new ruling class.England now had a new ruling class.

Limits on Royal PowerLimits on Royal Power

King John – King of EnglandKing John – King of England Descendant of William the Conqueror.Descendant of William the Conqueror. 1199, a new ruler became king of 1199, a new ruler became king of

England.England. ClaimedClaimed to rule Normandy in France. to rule Normandy in France. By 1204, John had lost control over By 1204, John had lost control over

most of his French lands.most of his French lands. He needed an army; he needed $. To get $ He needed an army; he needed $. To get $

he increased taxes which led to a conflict he increased taxes which led to a conflict with his barons…with his barons…

By 1215, England's leaders had had By 1215, England's leaders had had enough of King John’s high taxes and enough of King John’s high taxes and military failures.military failures. Barons forced the king to approve a document, Barons forced the king to approve a document,

The Magna Carta (meaning “Great Charter”) The Magna Carta (meaning “Great Charter”) that promised them certain rights.that promised them certain rights.

After signing the Magna Carta he could no After signing the Magna Carta he could no longer collect more taxes without the approval longer collect more taxes without the approval of the barons. It made it clear that even a king of the barons. It made it clear that even a king must abide by the law of the land.must abide by the law of the land.

English LawEnglish Law

In England, the law of the land was a In England, the law of the land was a mix of old Anglo-Saxon common law, mix of old Anglo-Saxon common law, Norman French feudal law, and Norman French feudal law, and Church law.Church law. Important ideas to come out of English Important ideas to come out of English

common law:common law: Habeas corpus – “produce the body” – A Habeas corpus – “produce the body” – A

jailer who receives a “writ” (court order) jailer who receives a “writ” (court order) must either release the prisoner or present must either release the prisoner or present good reason for keeping that person in jail.good reason for keeping that person in jail.

ParliamentParliament

The Magna Carta gave birth to The Magna Carta gave birth to Europe’s oldest representative Europe’s oldest representative assembly, the English Parliament (an assembly, the English Parliament (an assembly of representatives who assembly of representatives who make laws). It is a law-making body make laws). It is a law-making body divided into two houses:divided into two houses:

The House of the Lords – represented The House of the Lords – represented noblesnobles

The House of the Commons – represented The House of the Commons – represented knights and town leadersknights and town leaders

Religious Crusades – Religious Crusades – Sec.3Sec.3

Section 3 Focus Question: What were Section 3 Focus Question: What were the causes and effects of the the causes and effects of the CrusadesCrusades

Crusades Against Crusades Against MuslimsMuslims

Palestine is the Holy Land: the place Palestine is the Holy Land: the place where Jesus lived and died.where Jesus lived and died.

Three groups claimed Palestine: Three groups claimed Palestine: Christians, Jews, and Muslims.Christians, Jews, and Muslims. 40 years Muslim caliphs let Christian 40 years Muslim caliphs let Christian

pilgrims visit holy places in peace.pilgrims visit holy places in peace. 1071, the Turks took over Jerusalem – 1071, the Turks took over Jerusalem –

frequent harassment of Christians frequent harassment of Christians occurred. The Seljuk Turks marched on occurred. The Seljuk Turks marched on Constantinople.Constantinople.

Call for CrusadeCall for Crusade

The Byzantine emperor asked Pope Urban II The Byzantine emperor asked Pope Urban II for help.for help. The pope was eager to join the fight…he called for a The pope was eager to join the fight…he called for a

crusade (Christian religious war), with him as the crusade (Christian religious war), with him as the head of the army.head of the army.

1095 Pope Urban II called for a crusade to reclaim 1095 Pope Urban II called for a crusade to reclaim the Holy Land. the Holy Land.

150,000 people hurried to join the crusade.150,000 people hurried to join the crusade. Made up of a ragged mob of peasants, including women Made up of a ragged mob of peasants, including women

and elderly men.and elderly men. Few reached Jerusalem.Few reached Jerusalem. Next came armies of knights.Next came armies of knights. By 1099 the First Crusade had captured Jerusalem.By 1099 the First Crusade had captured Jerusalem.

The Crusader’s CreedThe Crusader’s Creed Since Jesus was every Christian’s Lord, Since Jesus was every Christian’s Lord,

his vassals were obliged to defend his his vassals were obliged to defend his lands and shrines…so, a crusade was a lands and shrines…so, a crusade was a just or righteous war.just or righteous war.

Crusade comes from the Latin word Crusade comes from the Latin word “cross”“cross”

Crusaders were promised forgiveness for Crusaders were promised forgiveness for sins if the became a pilgrim on a crusade.sins if the became a pilgrim on a crusade.

People who “took the cross” made many People who “took the cross” made many sacrifices.sacrifices.

Later CrusadesLater Crusades Europeans mounted three more crusades, but none Europeans mounted three more crusades, but none

matched the victories of the First Crusade.matched the victories of the First Crusade. Second Crusade: Tried to take the state of Edessa – Second Crusade: Tried to take the state of Edessa –

King Louis VII of France and the German emperor King Louis VII of France and the German emperor organized this crusade. Eleanor of Aquitaine was organized this crusade. Eleanor of Aquitaine was also on this crusade – the crusade failed.also on this crusade – the crusade failed.

Third Crusade: Rules of England, France, and Third Crusade: Rules of England, France, and Germany – fought against Muslim leader Saladin.Germany – fought against Muslim leader Saladin.

Fourth Crusade: Disgraced the ideas of crusades. Fourth Crusade: Disgraced the ideas of crusades. Soldiers never reached the Holy Land.Soldiers never reached the Holy Land.

1212 The Children’s Crusade: Attracted people of 1212 The Children’s Crusade: Attracted people of all ages. Most never got farther than Italy. Many all ages. Most never got farther than Italy. Many children were sold as slaves.children were sold as slaves.

Effects of the CrusadesEffects of the Crusades

Opened the eyes of Europeans to the Opened the eyes of Europeans to the rest of the world.rest of the world.

Peasants and some nobles saw new Peasants and some nobles saw new lands, peoples, and ways of life.lands, peoples, and ways of life.

Encouraged trade with the East.Encouraged trade with the East. Prompted Europeans to explore Prompted Europeans to explore

other parts of the world.other parts of the world.

Religious PersecutionsReligious Persecutions

Crusades also Crusades also brought terror, brought terror, destruction, and destruction, and bloodshed. bloodshed.

Persecution of JewsPersecution of Jews

The Jews were the main target of attacks The Jews were the main target of attacks in Europe. They were viewed as enemies in Europe. They were viewed as enemies of the Christian faith.of the Christian faith.

During the First Crusade, bands of During the First Crusade, bands of knights terrorized the Jewish knights terrorized the Jewish communities.communities.

A few churchmen tried to protect the A few churchmen tried to protect the Jews. Jews.

Jews were expelled from England in 1290 Jews were expelled from England in 1290 and from France in 1306.and from France in 1306.

The InquisitionThe Inquisition Other targets of religious persecution included groups of Other targets of religious persecution included groups of

Christians who followed various heresies.Christians who followed various heresies. Heretics were considered “lost sheep” and doomed for Heretics were considered “lost sheep” and doomed for

eternity and dangerous because others might follow their eternity and dangerous because others might follow their beliefs.beliefs.

Heretics were first excommunicated, but this didn’t Heretics were first excommunicated, but this didn’t stop them….so….stop them….so….

In the 1200s, Pope Gregory IV created the Inquisition, In the 1200s, Pope Gregory IV created the Inquisition, which was a Church court designed to investigate and which was a Church court designed to investigate and judge heretics. judge heretics.

Heretics were punished in various ways:Heretics were punished in various ways: FastingFasting WhippingWhipping Fines or ImprisonmentFines or Imprisonment ExecutedExecuted

Christians and Muslims in Christians and Muslims in Spain – Sec. 4Spain – Sec. 4

Section Focus Section Focus Question: How did Question: How did the rise and fall of the rise and fall of Muslim rule alter Muslim rule alter life in Spain?life in Spain?

Spain Under Muslim Spain Under Muslim RuleRule

The Umayyad rulers The Umayyad rulers of the Islamic Empire of the Islamic Empire were overthrown and were overthrown and murdered in 750. murdered in 750. One survivor fled to One survivor fled to Spain and in 756, he, Spain and in 756, he, Abd al-Rahman, Abd al-Rahman, established a new established a new dynasty at Cordoba. dynasty at Cordoba. This dynasty ruled This dynasty ruled most of Spain for most of Spain for nearly 300 years.nearly 300 years.

Moorish CultureMoorish Culture

Muslims in Spain were known as Muslims in Spain were known as Moors.Moors. Moorish Spain became one of the most Moorish Spain became one of the most

advanced medieval civilizations in advanced medieval civilizations in Europe.Europe.

In the 10In the 10thth century, the Muslim capital century, the Muslim capital of Cordoba was Europe’s largest city.of Cordoba was Europe’s largest city.

A Multicultural SocietyA Multicultural Society

The Golden Age of Moorish culture The Golden Age of Moorish culture reached its peak in the ninth and tenth reached its peak in the ninth and tenth centuries.centuries.

Foreign students flocked to Cordoba.Foreign students flocked to Cordoba. Studied philosophy, music, and medicine.Studied philosophy, music, and medicine.

Cordoba was home to two of the most Cordoba was home to two of the most famous philosophers of the Middle Ages.famous philosophers of the Middle Ages. Ibn RushdIbn Rushd AverroesAverroes

Most of Spain’s Muslim were quite Most of Spain’s Muslim were quite tolerant of Jews and Christians.tolerant of Jews and Christians.

Non-Muslims only had to follow Non-Muslims only had to follow certain rules and pay a special tax.certain rules and pay a special tax.

The ReconquistaThe Reconquista

Decline of Muslim rule in Spain began Decline of Muslim rule in Spain began in about 1002 with a Civil war.in about 1002 with a Civil war. Cordoba caliphate was split into small Cordoba caliphate was split into small

weak kingdoms.weak kingdoms. The Christians kingdoms in northern The Christians kingdoms in northern

Spain were united by 1050. The pope Spain were united by 1050. The pope encouraged them to win back the rest of encouraged them to win back the rest of Spain for Christendom. The movement Spain for Christendom. The movement to drive the Muslims from Spain was to drive the Muslims from Spain was called the RECONQUISTA.called the RECONQUISTA.

Military CampaignsMilitary Campaigns

The first step was The first step was the capture of the the capture of the city of Toledo in city of Toledo in 1085.1085.

Cordoba fell in 1236.Cordoba fell in 1236. By the middle of the By the middle of the

1313thth century, all that century, all that was left of Moorish was left of Moorish Spain was the Spain was the kingdom of Granada.kingdom of Granada.

Unification of SpainUnification of Spain

In 1469 and important royal In 1469 and important royal marriage took place…marriage took place… Ferdinand of Aragon married Isabella of Ferdinand of Aragon married Isabella of

Castile-Leon.Castile-Leon. Marriage unified Spain’s largest Christian Marriage unified Spain’s largest Christian

kingdoms.kingdoms. They concentrated on conquering Granada, They concentrated on conquering Granada,

the last Muslim territory. When it fell in the last Muslim territory. When it fell in 1492, the pope was delighted.1492, the pope was delighted.

Religious PersecutionsReligious Persecutions Until the late 1300s, Jews had lived Until the late 1300s, Jews had lived

quite safely in Christian kingdoms.quite safely in Christian kingdoms. Anti-Jewish attacks began – terrified, Anti-Jewish attacks began – terrified,

many Jews converted.many Jews converted. Isabella and Ferdinand were determined Isabella and Ferdinand were determined

to unite Spain as a Catholic country.to unite Spain as a Catholic country. They brought in a Dominican monk to They brought in a Dominican monk to

head the Spanish Inquisition. It used head the Spanish Inquisition. It used terror and torture against Jews and terror and torture against Jews and Muslims.Muslims.

In 1492, the rulers ordered all Jews to In 1492, the rulers ordered all Jews to leave Spain. Portugal did the same. leave Spain. Portugal did the same.

Many Spanish Jews moved to Italy Many Spanish Jews moved to Italy and the Ottoman Empire.and the Ottoman Empire.

Later the Muslims were asked to Later the Muslims were asked to leave.leave.

The loss of these two groups caused The loss of these two groups caused economic harm to Spain’s economy.economic harm to Spain’s economy.