chapter 16 the transatlantic economy, trade wars and colonial rebellion
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Chapter 16
The Transatlantic Economy, Trade Wars and Colonial Rebellion.
Mercantile Empires• Spain, France, Great
Britain• Trade conducted through
nationalistic monopolies to benefit home country.
• Competition between countries led to wars around the world.
• Slavery• Led to Imperialism of the
1800s
Mercantilism• Colonies existed to
provide natural resources and markets to home country.
• Whatever was best for home country
• No Free Trade, Colonies trade with home country
• Home Country protected and administered colonies.
Mercantilism Caused…
The Treaty of Utrecht (1713)• Outlined what countries
controlled • Spain: South America,
Central America, Mexico, California
• Portugal: Brazil • England: Newfoundland,
Nova Scotia, Jamaica• French: Ohio and Mississippi
River Valleys, West Africa, India
• Dutch: South Africa, Sri Lanka
French British Rivalry
• West Indies produced tobacco, cotton, indigo, coffee and Sugar.
• Ohio and Mississippi River Valleys
• India, Africa
Spanish Colonial System• Viceroyalties• Judicial councils: Audiencias• Local officers: Corregsidores• Casa de Contratacion: House
of Trade: Regulated trade• Bourbons replaced
Habsburgs and Philip V tried to enforce laws and limit smuggling.
• This led to war with England in 1739.
Spanish Reforms• Charles III (r. 1759-1788)
– Emphasized ministers rather than councils, limiting the importance of Casa de Contracion.
– Allowed more trade between Americas, more ports
– Intendants: Tax collectors, copying French model
• Peninsulares– Born in Europe, live in New World
• Creoles– Europeans born in New World
Plantations and Slaves• Spanish and Portuguese faced
severe shortage of labor in New World.
• Disease killed nearly all of the Native Americans. Not enough Indentured Servants
• Solution: Slaves from Africa• West African coast had
extensive slave market.• More slaves were imported
into Brazil and the West Indies than North America.
African American Slavery• By 1725 90% of
Jamaica was slaves• Disease, overwork and
malnutrition killed most Natives in the Caribbean, so number of slaves imported to New World was increased.
• Triangle Trade• Columbian Exchange
Columbian Exchange
Experience of Slavery
• Over the generations, language, culture and religions were lost.
• Christianity: ‘The next world is better”
• Racism• Slave Ships• Forced
marriages/breeding• Broken families
Mid 1700’s Wars• Trade, $, Rivalry, Power,
Pirates of the Caribbean• War of Jenkins Ear 1738
– 1731 English Captain Robert Jenkins was captured by the Spanish. They cut his ear off.
– Jenkins went to Parliament, brought his severed ear. Walpole was forced to go to war.
– War was short, started wars that would last until 1815.
More War• War of Austrian Succession
1740-1748– Prussia under Frederick II
(The Great) broke the Pragmatic Sanction and invaded Silesia.
– Maria Theresa was successful in keeping the rest of her empire together. Granted concessions to Magyars in Hungary.
– France supported Prussia, England supported Austria leading to larger war.
– Ended with Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle
Maria Theresa• Became Queen of
Austria through Pragmatic Sanction of 1713.
• Austria v. Prussia
• Had 16 Children!
• (Marie Antoinette)
• Forged alliance with France
Still more war• Seven Years’ War 1756-1763
– Frederick II (The Great) of Prussia invaded Saxony
– France, Austria and Saxony allied against Prussia
– Britain helped Prussia– Treaty of Hubertusburg ended war
btwn Austria and Prussia.– Britain and France fought over North
America– William Pitt the Elder (English) gave
Prussia $ to divert France. (Pittsburg!)– Treaty of Paris 1763 ended war
between B and F. Gave B Canada and land East of the Mississippi River.
Seven Years War = French and Indian War
America causes problems• After the War with France,
the British owed money. They began to tax the colonies to pay for the cost of maintaining the empire.
• Sugar Act, Stamp Act, Tea Monopoly, Boston Tea Party, Intolerable Acts, Revolution.
• Spain and France joined in against England.
• Treaty of Paris 1783 ended war.
American Political Ideas• Thomas Paine: Common
Sense, pamphlet arguing for independence.
• John Locke (English): Natural Rights
• Commonwealthmen: Writers who criticized the British govt. called parliament corrupt.– John Trenchard– Thomas Gordon
Politics in Britain• King George III thought the Whigs
were usurping his power.• He appointed Lord North his first
minister.• John Wilkes was a member of
parliament. He published a newspaper called The North Briton. He criticized Lord Bute’s handling of peace negotiations with France in 1763 and was arrested.
• He lost his seat in the House of Commons, became a hero of George III’s critics.
• Was reelected over and over, finally allowed to be lord Mayor of London in 1774.
Yorkshire Association Movement• British were unhappy with the
mismanagement of the American War and Lord North.
• They wanted to reform Parliament, they thought the elections were corrupt.
• They wanted lower taxes.
• Movement collapsed in the 1780’s because they didn’t appeal for broad support.
William Pitt the Younger
• In 1783 WPTY was chosen to manage the House of Commons for George III.
• He used patronage to construct a House of Commons that would be favorable to the King.
• George III did make the monarchy stronger, but at what price?
Importance of America• Articles of Confederation,
Constitution, showed that Government was possible without Kings, Divine Law, Tradition.
• Instead of Kings, popular sovereignty.
• Dangerous precedent for European nobility.
Chapter 16 Summary• Social
– The Slave Experience in Americas– Spanish Colonial System
• Political– Wars!
• Intellectual– Freedom from Monarchy! Democracy!
• Economics– Mercantilism– Triangle Trade
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