chapter 18: social psychology

Chapter 18: Social PsychologyChapter 18: Social Psychology

Social Thinking

You’ve got an Attitude

Conform

It’s just natural.

Do the right thing.

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1. While watching a homeless person beg on 1. While watching a homeless person beg on the street corner, George thinks, “He must be the street corner, George thinks, “He must be lazy. If he would just get a job, he wouldn’t lazy. If he would just get a job, he wouldn’t have to beg.” It is likely George is illustrating:have to beg.” It is likely George is illustrating:

• A) good judgment.

• B) fundamental attribution error.

• C) political bias.

• D) stereotyping.

2. Asking for a small favor to increase 2. Asking for a small favor to increase your chances of being successful when your chances of being successful when asking for a larger one later is called:asking for a larger one later is called:

• A) bait-and-switch technique.

• B) a con-artist strategy.

• C) attitude adjustment.

• D) the foot-in-the-door phenomenon.

3. Phillip Zimbardo conducted the Stanford 3. Phillip Zimbardo conducted the Stanford Prison Experiment in the 70’s. His results could Prison Experiment in the 70’s. His results could have predicted problems of prisoner abuse at have predicted problems of prisoner abuse at Abu Ghraib in that:Abu Ghraib in that:

• A) people will follow direct orders of a superior when in the military.

• B) when we play a role long enough, social norms can be as powerful as orders.

• C) we will easily scapegoat those different from ourselves.

• D) people can not resist pressure to perform evil action.

4. When we experience _____, we feel 4. When we experience _____, we feel tension when our actions do not coincide tension when our actions do not coincide with our beliefs.with our beliefs.

• A) cognitive dissonance.

• B) actor-observer discrepancy.

• C) personal perception.

• D) self-serving bias.

5.5. When we experience cognitive When we experience cognitive dissonance, the response is most dissonance, the response is most often:often:

• A) to change our behavior to agree with our attitudes.

• B) depression and self hatred.

• C) to change our attitudes in the direction of our behavior.

• D) to feel extremely guilty for acting against our beliefs.

6. Solomon Asch’s experiment about how 6. Solomon Asch’s experiment about how perceptions may be influenced by others perceptions may be influenced by others resulted in:resulted in:

• A) more than a third of the people changing their opinions to agree with others.

• B) most people changing their opinions to agree with others.

• C) most everyone ignored what others said.

• D) a small minority changed their opinions to agree with others.

7. For teens, it is especially important to 7. For teens, it is especially important to dress and act like their peers in order to dress and act like their peers in order to be accepted by the group. This be accepted by the group. This pressure to conform is called:pressure to conform is called:

• A) informational social influence.

• B) ethnocentrism.

• C) out-group homogeneity.

• D) normative social influence.

8. The results of Milgram’s experiment 8. The results of Milgram’s experiment found:found:

• A) the subjects who continued knew it wasn’t real.

• B) most subjects discontinued when shock levels became extreme.

• C) most subjects continued to deliver the highest level of shock.

• D) subjects had to be threatened to deliver dangerous levels of shock.

9. Further experiments by Milgram helped to 9. Further experiments by Milgram helped to identify factors influencing the outcome of identify factors influencing the outcome of destructive obedience. These included all of destructive obedience. These included all of the following the following except:except:

• A) they volunteered to participate.

• B) being told the learners were not really being harmed.

• C) the repetitive escalation of the task.

• D) the situation, or context, in which the obedience occurred.

10. Milgram did not require his 10. Milgram did not require his subjects to shock people at the highest subjects to shock people at the highest level at the beginning, but to build up to level at the beginning, but to build up to it. He used the:it. He used the:

• A) cognitive dissonance theory.

• B) foot-in-the-door phenomenon.

• C) normative social influence.

• D) social exchange theory.

11. According to social facilitation, if you 11. According to social facilitation, if you are a professional golfer, you are likely to are a professional golfer, you are likely to perform better if:perform better if:

• A) you are playing alone with a friendly audience.

• B) no one is watching.

• C) you are playing by yourself.

• D) you are playing against competition with a friendly audience.

12. When people are working in a group 12. When people are working in a group on a project rather than individually, there on a project rather than individually, there is likely to be less effort by some, called: is likely to be less effort by some, called:

• A) social loafing.

• B) competition.

• C) self-serving bias.

• D) cognitive dissonance.

13. When a group’s goal of harmony 13. When a group’s goal of harmony takes precedence over rational decision-takes precedence over rational decision-making, they become involved in the making, they become involved in the process of: process of:

• A) social cognition.

• B) group polarization.

• C) group think.

• D) fundamental attribution error.

14. An example of group polarization 14. An example of group polarization is:is:

• A) conservatives become more extreme after listening to conservative talk radio.

• B) people believing they were abducted become more convinced after chatting on the internet with other abductees.

• C) prejudiced individuals get together and become more prejudiced.

• D) all of the above.

15. When people lose themselves when in 15. When people lose themselves when in an angry mob, this illustrates the process an angry mob, this illustrates the process of:of:

• A) self-serving bias.

• B) deindividuation.

• C) group think.

• D) actor-observer discrepancy.

16. Prejudice is defined as:16. Prejudice is defined as:

• A) taking negative action toward people who belong to a different social group.

• B) speaking badly about people who belong to a different social group.

• C) an unjustifiable attitude toward a group and its members.

• D) all of the above.

17. The _____ theory offers an 17. The _____ theory offers an explanation that prejudice offers an outlet explanation that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame.for anger by providing someone to blame.

• A) scapegoat

• B) prejudice

• C) underdog

• D) out-group

18. Rape victims are sometimes blamed for 18. Rape victims are sometimes blamed for wearing too revealing clothes and, “getting wearing too revealing clothes and, “getting what they deserved.” This false conclusion is what they deserved.” This false conclusion is based on:based on:

• A) the just-world hypothesis.

• B) fundamental attribution error.

• C) social categorization.

• D) social exchange theory.

19. Recent experiments of men viewing 19. Recent experiments of men viewing violent pornography conclude:violent pornography conclude:

• A) this can serve to provide an outlet for bottled-up feelings, thus reducing violent acts.

• B) this increases violent acts toward women.

• C) there is no effect from viewing violent pornography.

• D) men viewing such films are quickly repulsed by such images.

20. “By pursuing our own self-interests 20. “By pursuing our own self-interests and not trusting others, we can end up and not trusting others, we can end up losers.” This statement is illustrated in:losers.” This statement is illustrated in:

• A) the Jigsaw Classroom.

• B) the in-group, out-group study.

• C) Zimbardo’s prison experiment.

• D) the social trap game.

21. The deep, affectionate attachment in 21. The deep, affectionate attachment in a lasting, mature love is called:a lasting, mature love is called:

• A) passionate love.

• B) marital bliss.

• C) companionate love.

• D) altruism.

22. Your text mentions two key ingredients 22. Your text mentions two key ingredients to a lasting, loving relationship. One is to a lasting, loving relationship. One is equity, the other is:equity, the other is:

• A) attractiveness.

• B) compassion.

• C) self-disclosure.

• D) acceptance.

23. Kitty Genovese was killed while others 23. Kitty Genovese was killed while others watched and listened. They knew others were watched and listened. They knew others were watching. Their behavior is explained the:watching. Their behavior is explained the:

• A) apathy theory.

• B) prosocial behavior phenomenon.

• C) altruism.

• D) bystander effect.

24: According to the bystander effect, if 24: According to the bystander effect, if you needed help you would be more you needed help you would be more likely to get it if:likely to get it if:

• A) many people were present.

• B) few people were present.

• C) someone else was also helping.

• D) no one knew you.

25. According to social exchange theory:25. According to social exchange theory:

• A) we will help if we expect something in return.

• B) we will help if the cost of helping is not too high.

• C) when we help others we expect them to help us.

• D) we help those who we feel are most deserving.

Stop here, or continue as a review

1. While watching a homeless person beg on 1. While watching a homeless person beg on the street corner, George thinks, “He must be the street corner, George thinks, “He must be lazy. If he would just get a job, he wouldn’t lazy. If he would just get a job, he wouldn’t have to beg.” It is likely George is illustrating:have to beg.” It is likely George is illustrating:

• A) good judgment.

• B) fundamental attribution error.

• C) political bias.

• D) stereotyping.

724

2. Asking for a small favor to increase 2. Asking for a small favor to increase your chances of being successful when your chances of being successful when asking for a larger one later is called:asking for a larger one later is called:

• A) bait-and-switch technique.

• B) a con-artist strategy.

• C) attitude adjustment.

• D) the foot-in-the-door phenomenon.

727

3. Phillip Zimbardo conducted the Stanford 3. Phillip Zimbardo conducted the Stanford Prison Experiment in the 70’s. His results could Prison Experiment in the 70’s. His results could have predicted problems of prisoner abuse at have predicted problems of prisoner abuse at Abu Ghraib in that:Abu Ghraib in that:

• A) people will follow direct orders of a superior when in the military.

• B) when we play a role long enough, social norms can be as powerful as orders.

• C) we will easily scapegoat those different from ourselves.

• D) people can not resist pressure to perform evil action. 732

4. When we experience _____, we feel 4. When we experience _____, we feel tension when our actions do not coincide tension when our actions do not coincide with our beliefs.with our beliefs.

• A) cognitive dissonance.

• B) actor-observer discrepancy.

• C) personal perception.

• D) self-serving bias.

728

5.5. When we experience cognitive When we experience cognitive dissonance, the response is most dissonance, the response is most often:often:

• A) to change our behavior to agree with our attitudes.

• B) depression and self hatred.

• C) to change our attitudes in the direction of our behavior.

• D) to feel extremely guilty for acting against our beliefs.

728

6. Solomon Asch’s experiment about how 6. Solomon Asch’s experiment about how perceptions may be influenced by others perceptions may be influenced by others resulted in:resulted in:

• A) more than a third of the people changing their opinions to agree with others.

• B) most people changing their opinions to agree with others.

• C) most everyone ignored what others said.

• D) a small minority changed their opinions to agree with others.

737

7. For teens, it is especially important to 7. For teens, it is especially important to dress and act like their peers in order to dress and act like their peers in order to be accepted by the group. This be accepted by the group. This pressure to conform is called:pressure to conform is called:

• A) informational social influence.

• B) ethnocentrism.

• C) out-group homogeneity.

• D) normative social influence.

733

8. The results of Milgram’s experiment 8. The results of Milgram’s experiment found:found:

• A) the subjects who continued knew it wasn’t real.

• B) most subjects discontinued when shock levels became extreme.

• C) most subjects continued to deliver the highest level of shock.

• D) subjects had to be threatened to deliver dangerous levels of shock.

736

9. Further experiments by Milgram helped to 9. Further experiments by Milgram helped to identify factors influencing the outcome of identify factors influencing the outcome of destructive obedience. These included all of destructive obedience. These included all of the following the following except:except:

• A) they volunteered to participate.

• B) being told the learners were not really being harmed.

• C) the repetitive escalation of the task.

• D) the situation, or context, in which the obedience occurred.

736

10. Milgram did not require his 10. Milgram did not require his subjects to shock people at the highest subjects to shock people at the highest level at the beginning, but to build up to level at the beginning, but to build up to it. He used the:it. He used the:

• A) cognitive dissonance theory.

• B) foot-in-the-door phenomenon.

• C) normative social influence.

• D) social exchange theory.

727

11. According to social facilitation, if you 11. According to social facilitation, if you are a professional golfer, you are likely to are a professional golfer, you are likely to perform better if:perform better if:

• A) you are playing alone with a friendly audience.

• B) no one is watching.

• C) you are playing by yourself.

• D) you are playing against competition with a friendly audience.

738

12. When people are working in a group 12. When people are working in a group on a project rather than individually, there on a project rather than individually, there is likely to be less effort by some, called: is likely to be less effort by some, called:

• A) social loafing.

• B) competition.

• C) self-serving bias.

• D) cognitive dissonance.

739

13. When a group’s goal of harmony 13. When a group’s goal of harmony takes precedence over rational decision-takes precedence over rational decision-making, they become involved in the making, they become involved in the process of: process of:

• A) social cognition.

• B) group polarization.

• C) group think.

• D) fundamental attribution error.

740

14. An example of group polarization 14. An example of group polarization is:is:

• A) conservatives become more extreme after listening to conservative talk radio.

• B) people believing they were abducted become more convinced after chatting on the internet with other abductees.

• C) prejudiced individuals get together and become more prejudiced.

• D) all of the above.

740

15. When people lose themselves when in 15. When people lose themselves when in an angry mob, this illustrates the process an angry mob, this illustrates the process of:of:

• A) self-serving bias.

• B) deindividuation.

• C) group think.

• D) actor-observer discrepancy.

739

16. Prejudice is defined as:16. Prejudice is defined as:

• A) taking negative action toward people who belong to a different social group.

• B) speaking badly about people who belong to a different social group.

• C) an unjustifiable attitude toward a group and its members.

• D) all of the above.

743

17. The _____ theory offers an 17. The _____ theory offers an explanation that prejudice offers an outlet explanation that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame.for anger by providing someone to blame.

• A) scapegoat

• B) prejudice

• C) underdog

• D) out-group

747

18. Rape victims are sometimes blamed for 18. Rape victims are sometimes blamed for wearing too revealing clothes and, “getting wearing too revealing clothes and, “getting what they deserved.” This false conclusion is what they deserved.” This false conclusion is based on:based on:

• A) the just-world hypothesis.

• B) fundamental attribution error.

• C) social categorization.

• D) social exchange theory.

748

19. Recent experiments of men viewing 19. Recent experiments of men viewing violent pornography conclude:violent pornography conclude:

• A) this can serve to provide an outlet for bottled-up feelings, thus reducing violent acts.

• B) this increases violent acts toward women.

• C) there is no effect from viewing violent pornography.

• D) men viewing such films are quickly repulsed by such images.

754

20. “By pursuing our own self-interests 20. “By pursuing our own self-interests and not trusting others, we can end up and not trusting others, we can end up losers.” This statement is illustrated in:losers.” This statement is illustrated in:

• A) the Jigsaw Classroom.

• B) the in-group, out-group study.

• C) Zimbardo’s prison experiment.

• D) the social trap game.

757

21. The deep, affectionate attachment in 21. The deep, affectionate attachment in a lasting, mature love is called:a lasting, mature love is called:

• A) passionate love.

• B) marital bliss.

• C) companionate love.

• D) altruism.

763

22. Your text mentions two key ingredients 22. Your text mentions two key ingredients to a lasting, loving relationship. One is to a lasting, loving relationship. One is equity, the other is:equity, the other is:

• A) attractiveness.

• B) compassion.

• C) self-disclosure.

• D) acceptance.

764

23. Kitty Genovese was killed while others 23. Kitty Genovese was killed while others watched and listened. They knew others were watched and listened. They knew others were watching. Their behavior is explained the:watching. Their behavior is explained the:

• A) apathy theory.

• B) prosocial behavior phenomenon.

• C) altruism.

• D) bystander effect.

766

24: According to the bystander effect, if 24: According to the bystander effect, if you needed help you would be more you needed help you would be more likely to get it if:likely to get it if:

• A) many people were present.

• B) few people were present.

• C) someone else was also helping.

• D) no one knew you.

766

25. According to social exchange theory:25. According to social exchange theory:

• A) we will help if we expect something in return.

• B) we will help if the cost of helping is not too high.

• C) when we help others we expect them to help us.

• D) we help those who we feel are most deserving.

766

AcknowledgementsAcknowledgements

• Step Up Created by:– John J. Schulte, Psy.D.

• Based on Psychology, Eighth Edition in Modules

• By David G. Myers• Published by• Worth Publishers

(2007)

AnswersAnswers

1. B

2. D

3. B

4. A

5. C

6. B

7. D

8. C

9. D

10. B

11. D

12. A

13. C

14. D

15. B

16. C

17. A

18. A

19. B

20. D

21. C

22. C

23. D

24. B

25. B