chapter 20 unifying concepts of animal structure and function€¦ · homeostasis: internal body...
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
PowerPoint Lectures for
Biology: Concepts & Connections, Sixth Edition
Campbell, Reece, Taylor, Simon, and Dickey
Chapter 20 Unifying Concepts of Animal
Structure and Function
Lecture by Edward J. Zalisko
Introduction: Climbing the Walls
Spider-Man and geckos can climb walls
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How do geckos do this?
– Gecko toes have many split ends called spatulae
– Molecules on the spatulae stick to the surface
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Introduction: Climbing the Walls
THE HIERARCHY OF STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION
IN AN ANIMAL
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20.1 Structure fits function at all levels of organization in the animal body
Anatomy—structure
Physiology—function
Animals consist of a hierarchy of levels or organization
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Cellular level
Muscle cell
A
Cellular level
Muscle cell
Tissue level
Muscle tissueA B
Cellular level
Muscle cell
Tissue level
Muscle tissue
Organ level
Heart
A B
C
Cellular level
Muscle cell
Tissue level
Muscle tissue
Organ level
Heart
A B
C
D Organ system level
Circulatory system
Cellular level
Muscle cell
Tissue level
Muscle tissue
Organ level
Heart
Organ system level
Circulatory system
Organism levelMany organ systems
functioning together
A B
C
D
E
20.2 EVOLUTION CONNECTION: An animal’s form reflects natural selection
Sharks, seals, and penguins have streamlined, tapered bodies
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Video: Galápagos Sea Lion
Video: Shark Eating a Seal
Shark
Penguin
Seal
Shark
Penguin
Seal
20.3 Tissues are groups of cells with a common structure and function
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Animals have four main categories of tissues
– Epithelial tissue
– Connective tissue
– Muscle tissue
– Nervous tissue
20.4 Epithelial tissue covers the body and lines its organs and cavities
Epithelial cells come in three shapes
– Squamous—like a fried egg
– Cuboidal—as tall as they are wide
– Columnar—taller than they are wide
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Apical surface ofepithelium
Cellnuclei
Underlyingtissue
Basallamina
Simple squamous epithelium(air sacs of the lung)
Simple cuboidal epithelium(kidney)
Simple columnar epithelium(intestine)
Stratified squamous
epithelium(esophagus)
Pseudostratified
ciliated columnarepithelium(respiratory tract)
A
B
C
D
E
Stratified epithelial cells are stacked on top of each other
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20.4 Epithelial tissue covers the body and lines its organs and cavities
E Stratified squamous
epithelium
(esophagus)
20.5 Connective tissue binds and supports other tissues
Connective tissue can be grouped into six major types
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Fat
droplets
Adiposetissue
Whitebloodcells
Redbloodcell
Blood
Plasma
Loose connectivetissue (underthe skin)
Elastic
fibers
Collagen
fiber
CellFibrous connectivetissue (forminga tendon)
Collagen
fibers
Cell
nucleusCartilage(at the end of a bone)
Matrix
Cartilage-
forming
cells
Central
canal
Matrix
Bone-
forming
cellsBone
B
AF
E
D
C
20.6 Muscle tissue functions in movement
Skeletal muscle causes voluntary movements
Cardiac muscle pumps blood
Smooth muscle moves walls of internal organs, such as the intestines
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Unit ofmusclecontraction
Musclefiber
Nucleus
Nucleus
Musclefiber
Junction betweentwo cells
Nucleus
Muscle fiber
Cardiac muscle
Smooth muscle
Skeletal muscle
C
B
A
20.7 Nervous tissue forms a communication network
Neurons carry signals by conducting electrical impulses
Supporting cells insulate axons and nourish neurons
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Cell body
Nucleus
20.8 Organs are made up of tissues
Each tissue performs specific functions
The heart has epithelial, connective, and nervous tissues
– Epithelia line the heart chambers
– Connective tissues make the heart elastic
– Neurons regulate contractions
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Small intestine
Lumen
Epithelial tissue
Connective tissue
Smooth muscletissue (2 layers)
Connective tissue
Epithelial tissue(columnar epithelium)
Lumen
Artificial skin
Used to heal burns
20.9 CONNECTION: Bioengineers are learning to produce tissues and organs for transplants
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20.10 Organ systems work together to perform life’s functions
An organ system usually consists of many organs
Each organ system has one or more functions
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Endocrine system controls body functions
Skeletal and muscular systems support and move the body
Circulatory system transports the food and oxygen
Respiratory system absorbs oxygen and releases carbon dioxide
Integumentary system covers and protects the body
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20.10 Organ systems work together to perform life’s functions
Circulatory
system
Heart
Blood
vessels
Respiratory system
Nasal cavity
Larynx
Trachea
Bronchus
Lung
Muscular
system
Integumentary
system
Hair
Nails
Skin
Skeletal
muscles
Cartilage
Bone
Skeletal
system
Adrenalgland
Pancreas
Testis(male)
Ovary (female)
Hypothalamus
Pituitary gland
Thyroid gland
Parathyroid
gland
Endocrine
system
C D
F
E
BA
Cartilage
Bone
Skeletal
system
Adrenalgland
Pancreas
Testis(male)
Ovary (female)
Hypothalamus
Pituitary gland
Thyroid gland
Parathyroid
gland
Endocrine
system BA
Circulatory
system
Heart
Blood
vessels
Respiratory system
Nasal cavity
Larynx
Trachea
Bronchus
Lung
C D
Muscularsystem
Integumentarysystem
Hair
Nails
Skin
Skeletalmuscles
F
E
Excretory system disposes of certain wastes
Lymphatic and immune systems protect the body from infection and cancer
Reproductive system perpetuates the species
Digestive system absorbs food
Nervous system controls body functions
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20.10 Organ systems work together to perform life’s functions
Lymphatic and
immune systems
G, H
Thymus
Bonemarrow
Spleen
Oviduct
Ovary
FemaleLymph nodes
Lymphatic
vessels
Uterus
Vagina
Urinary
system
Male
Brain
Seminal vesicles
Prostate gland
Vas deferens
Penis
Urethra
Testis
Sense organ
Spinal
cord
Nervous
system
Nerves
Esophagus
LiverStomach
Smallintestine
Digestive
system
Largeintestine
Anus
Mouth
Kidney
Ureter
Urinary
bladder
Urethra
K
J
I
L
Reproductive
system
Lymphatic and immune systemsG, H
Thymus
Bonemarrow
Spleen
Lymph nodes
Lymphaticvessels
Urinarysystem
Esophagus
LiverStomach
Smallintestine
Digestivesystem
Largeintestine
Anus
Mouth
Kidney
Ureter
Urinary
bladder
Urethra
J
I
Oviduct
Ovary
Female
Uterus
Vagina
MaleSeminal vesicles
Prostate gland
Vas deferens
Penis
Urethra
Testis
Reproductivesystem
K
Brain
Sense organ
Spinalcord
Nervoussystem
Nerves
L
20.11 CONNECTION: New imaging technology reveals the inner body
New technologies show body organs without surgery
X-rays help to see bones and teeth
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Magnetic resonance microscopy (MRM)
– Provides three-dimensional images of very small structures
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20.11 CONNECTION: New imaging technology reveals the inner body
Positron-emission tomography (PET)
– Helps identify metabolic processes at specific body locations
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20.11 CONNECTION: New imaging technology reveals the inner body
20.12 The integumentary system protects the body
The skin consists of two layers
– Epidermis, at the surface
– Dermis, inner layer
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Epidermis
Dermis
Hypodermis
Adipose tissue
Blood vessels
Hair follicle
Oil gland
Sweatgland
Sweatpore
Hair
Muscle
Nerve
Skin has many functions
– Epidermis
– Resists damage
– Decreases water loss
– Prevents penetration by microbes
– Dermis
– Sensory information
– Synthesis of vitamin D
– Temperature regulation
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20.12 The integumentary system protects the body
EXCHANGES WITH THE EXTERNAL
ENVIRONMENT
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20.13 Structural adaptations enhance exchange between animals and their environment
Animals must exchange materials with the environment
Respiratory system exchanges gases
Digestive system acquires food and eliminates wastes
Excretory system eliminates metabolic waste
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External environment
MouthFood
Animal
CO2 O2
RespiratorysystemDigestive
system
Heart
Nutrients Circulatory
system
Intestine
Urinarysystem
Bodycells
Interstitialfluid
Anus
Unabsorbedmatter (feces)
Metabolic wasteproducts (urine)
Adaptations that increase surface area promote exchanges with the environment
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20.13 Structural adaptations enhance exchange between animals and their environment
Homeostasis is an internal steady state
20.14 Animals regulate their internal environment
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Externalenvironment
Homeostaticmechanisms
Internalenvironment
Smallfluctuations
Largefluctuations
Humans promote homeostasis by
– Adding clothing when we are cold
– Drinking water when we are dehydrated
– Eating when our calories are running low
– Urinating when our bladders are full
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20.14 Animals regulate their internal environment
Negative feedback mechanisms permit only small fluctuations around set points
20.15 Homeostasis depends on negative feedback
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Animation: Negative Feedback
Animation: Positive Feedback
Sweat glands secrete sweat
that evaporates, cooling body
Blood vessels inskin dilate andheat escapes
Temperaturedecreases
Thermostat shuts offcooling mechanisms
Temperature risesabove normal
Temperature fallsbelow normal
Thermostat shuts offwarming mechanisms
Homeostasis:
Internal body temperature
of approximately 36–38°C
Temperatureincreases
Blood vessels in skinconstrict, minimizingheat loss
Skeletal muscles
rapidly contract,
causing shivering,
which generates heat
Thermostat inbrain activateswarming mechanisms
Thermostat in brainactivates cooling
mechanisms
Epithelial (20.4) Connective (20.5) Muscle (20.6) Nervous (20.7)
Neurons with
branchingextensions
Long cells (fibers)
with contractileproteins
Sparse cells in
extracellularmatrix
Sheets of closelypacked cells
Protection,
exchange,secretion
Binding and
support ofother tissues
Movement ofbody parts
Transmission ofnerve signals
Fu
nc
tio
nS
tru
ctu
reT
iss
ue
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
You should now be able to
1. Explain the relationship between anatomy and physiology
2. Describe the structural hierarchy of the body from cell to organism
3. Explain how an animal’s form is influenced by its environment
4. Describe an example of convergent evolution
5. Describe the general structures and functions of the major tissues of the human body
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6. Describe several recent advances of bioengineering
7. List and describe the functions of the major systems of the body
8. Explain how materials are exchanged between an organism and its environment
9. Define homeostasis and describe several examples
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You should now be able to
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