chapter 22. there is disagreement over the control of jerusalem and the occupied territories (p....
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Chapter 22
There is disagreement over the control of Jerusalem and the Occupied Territories (p. 480) Gaza Strip, Golan Heights, West Bank
Jerusalem is where King Solomon built the First Temple
Jews come to pray at the Western Wall (Wailing Wall) which is a portion of the Second Temple destroyed by the Romans
Jerusalem is the sacred location of the final suffering and crucifixion of Jesus
Christians launched the Crusades to regain the holy lands from Muslim control
Muslims regained the lands until Israel was established in 1948
Jerusalem is third most holy city to Muslims after Mecca and Medina
Dome of the Rock is located there, which Muslims believe is the spot where Muhammad rose to heaven
Jews believe it is the site where Abraham prepared to sacrifice his son Isaac to God
Because these sites are so close together, there have often been clashes between Jews and Muslims
Ottoman Empire (Turkey) ruled the Eastern Mediterranean from 1520 to 1922
When it sided with Germany during WWI it soon collapsed
Britain and France received the lands in the Eastern Mediterranean as part of the war settlement
Why would Europeans be interested in the Middle East?
France controlled the northern portion Britain controlled the southern section France frequently played different religious
groups against each other Britain controlled Palestine; Zionism was
created Zionism’s goal was to support a Jewish
homeland in Palestine (p 512)
At first, Arabs and Jews cooperated More Jews migrated into Palestine to escape
German persecution Arabs began to resist the establishment of a
Jewish state 1939, to reduce tensions, Britain halted
Jewish immigration into Palestine
At the end of WWII, survivors of the Holocaust wanted to settle in Palestine
Palestine was considered the Jewish homeland
The UN divided Palestine into two states – one Arab and one Jewish
Israel was established on May 14, 1948 Surrounding Arab nations invaded Israel to
prevent its establishment
Palestinian Arabs and Christians were caught in the middle
During the war many of them were forced to flee their homes or live in refugee camps
PLO was formed to regain land for Palestinian Arabs and allow them to return to their homes
Because many countries did not receive independence until after WWII, political divisions, refugees, and weak infrastructures make economic development difficult
Jordan is one of the poorest nations in the region and has one of the largest refugee populations
Civil wars in Lebanon and Cyprus also cause economic problems
Roads in war-torn areas have to be rebuilt Irrigation systems are needed Better communications systems and power
sources for technology are needed How is life different in Israel? See page 514
“Growing up in Israel”
Some restaurants have separate sections for men and women
Most meals are eaten at home (see p. 514) How are these meals different from the
U.S.? Lebanon has Christians, Eastern Orthodox,
Shi’ites, and Catholics living in the region Israel has many Jewish immigrants Bedouins nomads that live in desert regions Variety makes it difficult to build unity
Clashes over land Kurds (stateless nation) occupy what they
call Kurdistan (Turkey, Iraq, Iran) It is an area of ethnic and religious diversity
Mesopotamia (Fertile Crescent)– “land between rivers” Hittites brought knowledge of weapons
Persians brought ideas on government Languages: Turkish, Farsi, Arabic Religion: majority of Muslims are Sunni,
most Iranians are Shi’ite
Iraq invades Kuwait 1990-91 for oil starting the Persian Gulf War
September 11, 2001 – war on terrorism led to clashes over leadership in the Middle East
U.S. declared war on Iraq 2003 for fear of national security
Overthrow of the Taliban – were protecting Osama bin Laden and al-Qaeda terrorist networks in Afghanistan
Oct. 7, 2001 Operation Enduring Freedom: goal was to seize terrorist financial assets and destroy infrastructure
March 2002 Taliban removed from power, transitional government headed by Hamid Karzai (President of Afghanistan)
Saddam Hussein’s overthrow – UN ordered him to destroy chemical and biological weapons
March 2003 – believing Hussein continued to develop weapons, operation Iraqi Freedom launched to stop Hussein’s ability to wage war
Already have limited agricultural land Oil and natural gas resources can help
generate money to update transportation, communication, power plants, water, and sanitation
Iran is still recovering from war with Iraq (1980-1990)
War and political problems (esp. in Iraq and Afghanistan) prevent countries from improving economies
Economic restrictions imposed on war-torn nations limit trade
Divisions exist between those who want to adopt modern lifestyles and those who want to preserve traditional ways
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