chapter 23 pest management. overview of chapter 23 what is a pesticide? benefits and problems with...
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Chapter 23Chapter 23Pest ManagementPest Management
Overview of Chapter 23Overview of Chapter 23
What is a Pesticide?What is a Pesticide? Benefits and Problems With Benefits and Problems With
PesticidesPesticides Risks of Pesticides to Human HealthRisks of Pesticides to Human Health Alternatives to PesticidesAlternatives to Pesticides Laws Controlling Pesticides UseLaws Controlling Pesticides Use The Manufacture and Use of Banned The Manufacture and Use of Banned
PesticidesPesticides
First generation First generation pesticidepesticide Inorganic Inorganic
compoundscompounds Botanicals: plant Botanicals: plant
derived pesticides derived pesticides (right)(right)
What is a PesticideWhat is a Pesticide
Broad spectrum pesticideBroad spectrum pesticide A pesticide that kills a variety of A pesticide that kills a variety of
organisms, not just the targeted organisms, not just the targeted organismsorganisms
What is a PesticideWhat is a Pesticide
Second generation pesticideSecond generation pesticide Synthetic poisonSynthetic poison Ex: DDTEx: DDT
Major Groups of InsecticidesMajor Groups of Insecticides
Chlorinated HydrocarbonsChlorinated Hydrocarbons Organic compound containing ChlorineOrganic compound containing Chlorine Slow to degrade and persist in the environmentSlow to degrade and persist in the environment Banned or largely restrictedBanned or largely restricted
OrganophosphatesOrganophosphates Organic compounds that contain phosphorusOrganic compounds that contain phosphorus Most poisonous insecticideMost poisonous insecticide Do not persist as long as chlorinated Do not persist as long as chlorinated
hydrocarbonshydrocarbons CabamatesCabamates
Broad spectrum; derived from cabamic acidBroad spectrum; derived from cabamic acid
Major Kinds of HerbicidesMajor Kinds of Herbicides
Can be classified to the type of Can be classified to the type of plant they killplant they kill Broad-leaf herbicidesBroad-leaf herbicides Grass herbicidesGrass herbicides
Benefits of PesticidesBenefits of Pesticides
Crop ProtectionCrop Protection Pests eat and destroy 1/3 of world’s cropsPests eat and destroy 1/3 of world’s crops Farmers save $3 to $5 for every $1 they invest Farmers save $3 to $5 for every $1 they invest
in pesticidesin pesticides Disease controlDisease control
Fleas, lice and mosquitoes carry diseaseFleas, lice and mosquitoes carry disease Malaria- mosquito bornMalaria- mosquito born
2.7 million people die each year2.7 million people die each year Few drugs available, so focus is on killing mosquitoesFew drugs available, so focus is on killing mosquitoes DDTDDT
Locations of MalariaLocations of Malaria
Problems with PesticidesProblems with Pesticides
Evolution of Evolution of Genetic Genetic ResistanceResistance Pest Pest
populations are populations are evolving evolving resistance to resistance to pesticides pesticides (right)(right)
Pesticide ResistancePesticide Resistance
Pesticide TreadmillPesticide Treadmill Cost of applying pesticide increases Cost of applying pesticide increases While their effectiveness decreasesWhile their effectiveness decreases
Resistance ManagementResistance Management Strategies for managing genetic Strategies for managing genetic
resistance in order to maximize the resistance in order to maximize the period in which a pesticide is usefulperiod in which a pesticide is useful
Problems with PesticidesProblems with Pesticides
Imbalances the Imbalances the EcosystemEcosystem Spraying to kill Spraying to kill
insects can insects can affect birds, affect birds, rabbits, etc.rabbits, etc.
Despite 33-fold Despite 33-fold increase in increase in pesticides since pesticides since the 1940s, crop the 1940s, crop loss has not loss has not decreased muchdecreased much
Problems with PesticidesProblems with Pesticides Creation of New PestsCreation of New Pests
Infestation of red scale insects on Infestation of red scale insects on lemons after DDT sprayed to control lemons after DDT sprayed to control another pestanother pest
Biological Biological magnificationmagnification - - Increased Increased concentration of toxic concentration of toxic chemicals in tissues chemicals in tissues of organisms at of organisms at higher trophic levelshigher trophic levels
Problems with PesticidesProblems with Pesticides
Persistence, Bioaccumulation, and Persistence, Bioaccumulation, and Biological MagnificationBiological Magnification Bioaccumulation - The buildup of a Bioaccumulation - The buildup of a
persistent pesticide or other toxic persistent pesticide or other toxic substance in an organisms bodysubstance in an organisms body
Problems with PesticidesProblems with Pesticides
Mobility in the EnvironmentMobility in the Environment Do not stay where they are appliedDo not stay where they are applied
Mild: Mild: nausea, nausea, vomiting, vomiting, headachesheadaches
Severe: Severe: damage to damage to nervous nervous system, system,
Risk of Pesticides to Human Risk of Pesticides to Human HealthHealth Short-term Effects of PesticidesShort-term Effects of Pesticides
Handling food with pesticide residueHandling food with pesticide residue
Risk of Pesticides to Human Risk of Pesticides to Human HealthHealth Long-term Effects of PesticidesLong-term Effects of Pesticides
Cancer - lymphomaCancer - lymphoma Breast cancerBreast cancer SterilitySterility MiscarriageMiscarriage Birth defectsBirth defects Decreases body’s ability to fight infectionDecreases body’s ability to fight infection Potential connection to Parkinson’s diseasePotential connection to Parkinson’s disease
Alternatives to PesticidesAlternatives to Pesticides
Using cultivation methods to control Using cultivation methods to control pestspests Interplant mixtures of plants (alternating Interplant mixtures of plants (alternating
rows)rows) Strip cuttingStrip cutting Proper timing of planting, fertilizing, and Proper timing of planting, fertilizing, and
irrigating irrigating Crop rotationCrop rotation
Reproductive ControlsReproductive Controls Sterilizing some of the membersSterilizing some of the members
Alternatives to PesticidesAlternatives to Pesticides
Biological ControlBiological Control Use of naturally occurring disease Use of naturally occurring disease
organisms, parasites or predators to organisms, parasites or predators to control pestscontrol pests
Must take care that introduced agent Must take care that introduced agent does not attack unintended hostsdoes not attack unintended hosts
Alternatives to PesticidesAlternatives to Pesticides
Pheromones and HormonesPheromones and Hormones By applying insect hormones at wrong time in By applying insect hormones at wrong time in
life cycle, insects can be killed offlife cycle, insects can be killed off Genetic ControlsGenetic Controls
Genetically Modified plants (GMOs)Genetically Modified plants (GMOs) Bt toxinBt toxin Potential problem: may affect non-target speciesPotential problem: may affect non-target species
QuarantineQuarantine Restriction of the importation of exotic plant Restriction of the importation of exotic plant
and animal material that might harbor pestsand animal material that might harbor pests
Systems Approach - Systems Approach - Integrated Pest Integrated Pest Management (IPM)Management (IPM) IPMIPM Combination of pest Combination of pest
control methods that control methods that keeps pest keeps pest population low population low without economic without economic lossloss
Conventional Conventional pesticides are used pesticides are used sparingly when sparingly when other methods failother methods fail
Integrated Pest Integrated Pest ManagementManagement
IPM IPM IntroduceIntroduce
dd
Systems Approach - Systems Approach - Integrated Pest Integrated Pest Management (IPM)Management (IPM) Rice Production in IndonesiaRice Production in Indonesia
Alternatives to PesticidesAlternatives to Pesticides
Irradiating FoodIrradiating Food Harvested food is expose to ionizing Harvested food is expose to ionizing
radiation, which kills many radiation, which kills many microorganismsmicroorganisms
Predominantly used on meatsPredominantly used on meats Somewhat controversial due to potential Somewhat controversial due to potential
for free radicalsfor free radicals
Laws Controlling Pesticide Laws Controlling Pesticide UseUse Food, Drug, and Cosmetics Act (1938)Food, Drug, and Cosmetics Act (1938) Pesticide Chemicals Amendment Pesticide Chemicals Amendment
(1954)(1954) Delaney Cause (1958)Delaney Cause (1958) Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and
Rodenticide Act (1947, updated most Rodenticide Act (1947, updated most recently in 2008)recently in 2008)
Food Quality Protection Act (1996)Food Quality Protection Act (1996)
Manufacture and Use of Manufacture and Use of Banned PesticidesBanned Pesticides Some US companies still make banned Some US companies still make banned
or seriously restricted pesticidesor seriously restricted pesticides Product is exportedProduct is exported
May lead to the importation of food May lead to the importation of food tainted with banned pesticidestainted with banned pesticides
Global ban of persistent organic Global ban of persistent organic pollutantspollutants Stockholm Convention on Persistent Stockholm Convention on Persistent
Organic Pollutants (2004)Organic Pollutants (2004)
Manufacture and Use of Manufacture and Use of Banned Pesticides - The Banned Pesticides - The Dirty DozenDirty Dozen
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