chapter 28 conversation with a leader: haydn and the classical concerto

THE ENJOYMENT OF MUSICESSENTIAL LISTENING

EDITION

by

Kristine ForneyAndrew Dell’Antonio

Joseph Machlis

THIRD EDITION

Lecture Slides

Chapter 28Conversation with a Leader:

The Classical Concerto

Important Composers of the Classical Concerto

• C.P.E. Bach--50 keyboard concertos

• Johann Christian Bach--dozens of keyboard concertos

• Haydn– Cello Concerto in D Major– Trumpet Concerto in E-flat

Major

• Mozart– 27 piano concertos– 5 violin concertos– 4 horn concertos – 1 bassoon concerto– 1 concerto for flute and

harp– Concerto for 2 Pianos in E-

flat Major– Clarinet Concerto in A

Major

The Solo Concerto• Soloist (typically piano or violin) and

orchestra• 3 movement format: fast, slow, fast• 1st and last movements usually had

cadenza: an improvisatory passage in which soloist could show off virtuosity on instrument, fermata– Often this passage was not written by composer.– Much of the musical improvisation was based on

themes of the movement.

Concerto--Movements

• Second movement--sonata, theme and variations, or ABA form

• Third movement--Finale--sonata or rondo form

• Omits the dance movement (minuet and trio)

The Classical ConcertoThe Movements of the Concerto

• The movements of the concerto– I: fast– II: slow– III: fast

• Cadenza

Mozart: Piano Concerto No. 21, II (piano entrance)

Mozart: Clarinet Concerto, III

Mozart: Piano Concerto No. 21, I (cadenza)

Double-Exposition Concerto Form

• First movement--sonata form– 2 expositions

• 1st--orchestra alone; all in tonic• 2nd--soloist and orchestra together; 2nd theme modulates to

related key (as in other sonata form movements)– Development--avoids tonic, like sonata form– Recapitulation--all themes in tonic

• Contains cadenza--virtuostic, improvisatory section based on themes and other material

– Coda--follows cadenza--orchestra plays alone; tonic key

The Classical ConcertoThe Movements of the Concerto

Closing Theme IITheme ICadenzaTrans.

& piano theme

Various themes Coda

Solo Exposition Development Recapitulation

A’ B A

Theme IITheme I Transition

Orchestral Exposition

A

First movement (I)• First-movement concerto form• Sonata-allegro with a double exposition

Modulation to new key area

Mozart’s Piano Concerto in A Major

• 1781--Mozart left his native Salzburg and moved to Vienna at age 25, hoping to get a position in a royal court. There he composed 17 piano concertos in the 10 years before he died (age 35).

• Concerto = soloist plus orchestra in various configurations– Orchestra alone– Soloist alone– Orchestra supports soloist– Soloist supports orchestra– Soloist and orchestra of equal

importance

Piano Concerto in A Major--1st Movement

• Characteristics of the Four Main Themes– 1st--serene and balanced, homophonic texture, soft dynamics,

mixture of conjunct and disjunct motion, downward contour– 2nd--more agitated, homophonic, loud dynamics, upward leaps,

upward contour– 3rd--short note values, homophonic, soft dynamics, conjunct

motion, contour downward– 4th--calm, longer note values, polyphonic, soft dynamics,

downward contour followed by upward leaps

Piano Concerto in A MajorMovement I

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9vttZzUPg3A&index=38&list=PLD2FA7A1A4352F58A

The Classical ConcertoThe Movements of the Concerto

The second movement (II)• Slow and lyrical• Andante, Adagio, or Largo

The third movement• Allegro molto or Presto• Sonata-allegro or Rondo form

A-B-A-B-A, or

A-B-A-C-A, or

A-B-A-C-A-B-A, etc.

Theme I

Closing

Theme IITheme I ClosingTrans.

Trans.

Theme II

Coda

Exposition Development RecapitulationA B A

Rondo

Sonata-allegro

The Classical ConcertoThe Movements of the Concerto

The Last Movement: Haydn’s Concerto for Trumpet and Rondo Form

• Thirty-five concertos by Haydn• Trumpet concerto: experimental instrument,

keyed trumpet– highly lyrical melodies, virtuosic passages– 1800 first performance; manuscript lost until 1929– Haydn’s last orchestral work

Concerto for Trumpet in E-flatThird Movement-Rondo(1796)

• Composed in 1796 for keyed trumpet• Virtuoso-Anton Weidinger• Contains difficult passages• Exciting to listen to

– Brilliant trumpet sound– Happy quality– Rondo form– Rondo contains both old and new ideas

• Rondo: recurring musical idea, refrain (A)

• (A-B-A-C-A) symmetrical, balanced

• (A-B-A-C-A-B-A) sonata-rondo– combines sonata-allegro form and rondo

The Last Movement: Haydn’s Concerto for Trumpet and Rondo Form

Trumpet Concerto in Eb MajorMovement III

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=emUOjj5o4J0

by

Kristine ForneyAndrew Dell’Antonio

Joseph Machlis

Lecture Slides

THIRD EDITION

THE ENJOYMENT OF MUSICESSENTIAL LISTENING EDITION

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