chapter 2:chemistry of life
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Fig. 2-0
Fig. 2-0a
Fig. 2-0b
Fig. 2-0c
Fig. 2-1
Fig. 2-2a
Fig. 2-2b
Fig. 2-3
Sodium ChlorideChlorineSodium
+
Fig. 2-3a
Sodium
Fig. 2-3b
Chlorine
Fig. 2-3c
Sodium Chloride
Fig. 2-4a
Electroncloud
Protons
2e–Nucleus
Electrons
Massnumber = 4Neutrons
2
2
2
Fig. 2-4b
Electroncloud
Protons
6e–
Nucleus
Electrons
Massnumber = 12Neutrons
6
6
6
Table 2-4
Fig. 2-5a
Fig. 2-5b
Healthy brain Alzheimer’s patient
Fig. 2-6
Magnesium
Lithium
Hydrogen
Thirdshell
Firstshell
Secondshell
Sodium
Beryllium
Aluminum
Boron
Silicon
Carbon
Phosphorus
Nitrogen
Sulfur
Oxygen
Chlorine
Fluorine
Argon
Neon
Helium
Fig. 2-7a-1
NaSodium atom
Transfer ofelectron
ClChlorine atom
Fig. 2-7a-2
NaSodium atom
Transfer ofelectron
ClChlorine atom
Na+
Sodium ionCl–
Chloride ion
Sodium chloride (NaCl)
+ –
Fig. 2-7b
Na+
Cl–
Fig. 2-8
Fig. 2-8a
Fig. 2-8b
Fig. 2-9
(–) (–)
O
HH
(+) (+)
Fig. 2-10
Hydrogen bond
Fig. 2-11
Fig. 2-12
Fig. 2-13a
Liquid waterHydrogen bonds
constantly break and re-form
IceHydrogen bonds
are stable
Hydrogen bond
Fig. 2-13b
Fig. 2-14
Ion insolution
Saltcrystal
Fig. 2-15
Acidic solution
pH scale
Battery acid
0
1
2
3
4
5
Lemon juice, gastric juice
Grapefruit juice, soft drink,vinegar, beer
Tomato juice
Rain water
Human urine
Saliva
Pure water
6
7
Human blood,tears
Seawater
8
9
10
11
12
13
Milk of magnesia
Household ammonia
Household bleach
Oven cleaner
Neutral solution
Basic solution
NEUTRAL[H+]=OH–]
Incr
ea
sin
gly
AC
IDIC
(Hig
he
r c
on
cen
tra
tio
n o
f H
+)
14
Incr
ea
sin
gly
BA
SIC
(Lo
we
r c
on
cen
trat
ion
of
H+)
Fig. 2-15a
Acidic solution Neutral solution Basic solution
Fig. 2-16
Fig. 2-17
August 1999 September 2005
New deposit
Fig. 2-18
2 H2 O2 2 H2O
Fig. 2-UN1
Fig. 2-UN2
electron transferbetween atoms
creates
electron sharingbetween atoms
creates
ChemicalBonds
atomic number ofeach element
water
nonpolarcovalent bonds
(e)ions
(f) (g)
(h)
attraction betweenions creates
unequalsharing creates
can lead toexample is
equalsharing creates
has importantqualities due
to polarity and
have positivelycharged have neutral
have negativelycharged
number in outershell determines
formation of
number maydiffer in
number presentequals
(a)
Atoms
(b) (c)
(d)
Fig. 2-UN2a
atomic number ofeach element
have positivelycharged have neutral
have negativelycharged
number in outershell determines
formation of
number maydiffer in
number presentequals
(a)
Atoms
(b) (c)
(d)
Fig. 2-UN2b
electron transferbetween atoms
creates
electron sharingbetween atoms
creates
ChemicalBonds
water
nonpolarcovalent bonds
(e)ions
(f) (g)
(h)
attraction betweenions creates
unequalsharing creates
can lead toexample is
equalsharing creates
has importantqualities due
to polarity and
Fig. 2-UN3
Potassium atomFluorine atom
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