chapter 3: elicited behaviors and classical conditioning elicited behaviors simple mechanisms of...

Chapter 3:Elicited Behaviors and Classical Conditioning

Elicited Behaviors Simple Mechanisms of Learning Classical Conditioning

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Three Types of Behavior

Reflexes involuntary responses to stimuli.

Fixed Action Pattern stereotyped responses triggered by

environmental stimuli. Learning

a relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience.

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Elicited Behaviors

Reflexes A relatively simple, involuntary response to

a stimulus

Salivation Startle reflex Orienting response Rooting reflex http://video.google.com/videosearch?hl=en&rls=org.mozilla:en-

US:official&q=rooting%20reflex&um=1&ie=UTF-8&sa=N&tab=iv#

Flexion response

Elicited Behaviors

Flexion response

Example of aReflex arc

Elicited Behaviors

Fixed Action Patterns

Web building in spiders Ducks flying in a V-shape Cats scratching ground to

cover urine/feces Sign stimulus

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Types of Learning

Associative learning involves a connection between two elements or events. Classical conditioning Operant conditioning

Nonassociative learning involves change in the magnitude of response to environmental events. Habituation Sensitization

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Nonassociative learning

Habituation The response to steady or repeated

(harmless) stimulus decreases over time. Example: You don’t hear your air

conditioner after it’s been running awhile.

http://video.google.com/videosearch?hl=en&rls=org.mozilla:en-US:official&q=rooting%20reflex&um=1&ie=UTF-8&sa=N&tab=iv#q=startle%20reflex&hl=en&emb=0&start=10

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Nonassociative learning

Sensitization The experience of one stimulus heightens

the response to a subsequent stimulus. Example: People are “jumpy” following

natural disasters, like earthquakes.

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Nonassociative learning

Dishabituation

http://video.google.com/videosearch?hl=en&rls=org.mozilla:en-US:official&q=rooting%20reflex&um=1&ie=UTF-8&sa=N&tab=iv#q=dishabituation&hl=en&emb=0

Simple Mechanisms of Learning

Opponent-Process Theory of Emotion

http://duchenne.ie/image.axd?picture=parachute_jump.jpg

Simple Mechanisms of Learning

Simple Mechanisms of Learning

Classical Conditioning

Pavlov conditioning apparatus

Classical ConditioningBefore Stimuli Are Paired

Ex. meat powder leads to salivation Neutral stimulus elicits no particular

response Ex. ringing bell leads to orienting

response only

UnconditionedStimulus

(US)

Unconditioned

Response(UR)

Elicits

Classical Conditioning During Conditioning

Neutral Stimulus paired with US Bell rings, then meat powder is

delivered Trial – one pairing Repeated for several trials

US(meat)

UR(saliva)

NS(sound) nothing

Classical Conditioning After Conditioning

After Several Trials When bell rings, dog salivates The bell is now a Conditioned Stimulus

(CS) Salivation is a Conditioned Response

(CR) US(meat)

UR(saliva)

CS(sound)

CR(saliva)

Classical Conditioning

Basic Procedure

Classical Conditioning

Appetitive Conditioning

Aversive Conditioning

Classical Conditioning

Conditioned emotional response (CER)

Suppression ratio =

# of presses# of presses + # of pre-conditioning presses

SR = 0 SR = .33 SR = .5

Classical Conditioning

Excitatory Conditioning

Inhibitory Conditioning

Classical Conditioning

Timing of Stimuli

Exception: A potentially effective backward conditioning procedure in whichthe NS is a biologically relevant stimulus for a conditioned fear response.

Classical Conditioning