chapter 3 motivation concepts

MOTIVATION CONCEPTS

NEED FOR SELF - ACTUALIZATION

ESTEEM NEEDS

LOVE NEEDS

SAFETY NEEDS

PSYCHOLOGICAL NEEDS

ABRAHAM MASLOW’S HIERARCHY OF NEEDS

Existence Needs Relatedness Needs Growth Needs

The different needs do not exist in a rigid hierarchy. It is not necessary for the lower level needs to be completely satisfied for the higher level needs to appear

An individual may focus on all the three needs simultaneously

CLAYTON ALDERFER’S ERG THEORY

THEORY X & THEORY Y

THEORY X THEORY Y

People are lazy & irresponsible

Dislike work need and direction &

Will work hard only when they are pushed or threatened with punishment

Are willing to work hard when the right conditions exist i.e., work is as good as play

Have a psychological need to work & seek achievement & responsibility

Can be motivated to work hard by providing them with interesting & challenging jobs, encouraging greater participation & developing good relations.

FREDRICK HERZBERG’S TWO-FACTOR MODEL

MOTIVATORS HYGIENE

Authority & responsibility

Advancement opportunities

Recognition & appreciation

Work itself Achievement

Company policy & administration

Supervision Salary Interpersonal relations Working conditionsCRITICISM Methodological Methodology Overall satisfaction not

measured Assumptions not tested

McClelland's THEORY OF NEEDS

Needs & limitations characteristics

Need for achievement (nAch)

Need for power (nPow) Need for affiliation (nAff)

LIMITATIONS Difficulty in measuring

needs Time consuming &

expensive Not practical

Moderate risks Feedback Personal responsibility Entrepreneurial Matches their ability Internal locus of control

Cognitive Evaluation Theory Goal Setting Theory Self – Efficacy Theory Reinforcement Theory Equity Theory Expectancy Theory The relationship between the different theories of

motivation & global implications

MODERN THEORIES OF MOTIVATION