chapter 30
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Chapter 30A Second Global Conflict and the End of the
EuropeanWorld Order
By:Tyler & Stacia
Causes for WWII: Japan
● Guomindang (Nationalist) Party gains power in China.○ Strikes fear in Japanese army officers
(exert power over Manchuria after Russo-Japanese War)
● Japan gradually militarized due to fears.
● Seized Manchuria in 1931 → Manchukuo
● International crisis → politicians unwilling to object to Japanese demands that could weaken negotiations.
Causes for WWII: Germany
● Germany’s growth was quick and radical.○ Treaty of Versailles (ended WWI)○ Hyperinflation, Weimar Era 1920s
● National Socialist party (Nazis) under Hitler continued to gain seats in the parliament. More promises → more power.
● Nazi agenda: Destroy Treaty of Versailles○ Rearmament (1935), Rhineland militarized (1936),
union with Austria and seizure of Czechoslovakia (1938), occupation of Czechoslovak Republic.
● Empowered Mussolini: Ethiopia bombings
● Hitler & Mussolini: Spanish Civil War ○ Franco refused to join them in WWII.
Warning: Zombies not affiliated with WWII or Hitler.
Invasion Begins● WWII: 9-1-1939 → German invasion of Poland.
● Clashes with Japan after seizure of Manchuria 1930-1945.
● Reluctance of Western democracies to halt Nazi regimes assisted the Germans.
○ H & M: Noticed Br, Fr and US were willing to sacrifice smaller states in order to appease Axis powers.
● Leaders like Winston Churchill were kept out of power. Anti-war public
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● Manchukuo (Japan) attacked China in 1937.
○ Leaders and officers discouraged the assault but were silenced by assassination threats.
○ Total War: pillage, murder of civilians, rape
○ Lack of coordination and consultation
■ Tripartite Pact: 1940
● Hitler signs non-aggression pact with Soviet Union. → Divide Poland and other states.
Turning the Tides
● Reluctance to rearm by Western democracies and Soviet Union allowed for crushing victories by Axis Powers.
● Tide turns for Allies: ← Nazi preoccupation at Russian border, US involvement.
● Anglo-American & Soviet Alliance: more powerful → pop., potential industrial production, tech. innovations, military capacity.
Blitzkrieg in Europe
● Japan → China, debating over US invasion
● Germany → France, Low Countries. British retreated to Britain.
● “Blitzkrieg”: lightning war○ Overwhelmed Poland in 1939○ Defeated Fr and Br in France in a few days,
1940.
● Rotterdam destroyed due to Dutch resistance.○ 40,000 killed
● Vichy: Nazi puppet helped Germans control France
● A few months later, Norway and Denmark.
● Battle of Britain: Allied victory○ Strong leadership, innovative tactics, radar,
bravery, high morale.■ Germans had to abandon plans to control
Britain
Blitzkrieg in Europe (cont’d)
● Germans dominated Italian’s plans to control Albania, Yugoslavia, and Greece.
● Erwin Rommel: Offenses on N. Africa and Egypt○ Goal of seizing Suez Canal
● Drove Soviets out of Finland, Poland and Baltic States, some of Byelorussia and Ukraine
● German advances were halted in winter at Moscow and Leningrad
● 1943 Russian forces fight back against weakened Germans.○ All Nazis cleared out by late 1944.
From Persecution to Genocide:Hitler’s War Against the
Jews● Persecution (not just Jews)
● Wannsee Conference, Feb, 1942: Purpose of regime → genocide○ Removal → Destruction of Jews
● Concentration camps → “factories for mass production of death”○ Labor or Death
● Holocaust: 6 million Jews, 12 million total○ Worst genocide of 20th century.
● Italians and Danes resisted Nazi demands to send Jews.
● Worsened by Western reluctance to accept Jews. (Immigration)○ Allied responses led to Zionist movements to create a Jewish state in
Palestine.
America on the Offensive
● United States assisted to Britain ○ Clothing, weapons and food
● American forces counteract German U-boat attacks
● America helps Britain ○ Reverse German control in North Africa
● Mussolini, fascist leader of Italy○ Killed by civilians due to Nazi takeover
in Italy.
● Battle of the Bulge- Hitler's last effort to repel Allied forces
● Adolf Hitler commits suicide in a Berlin Bunker two weeks later
Decline of Japan in the Pacific
● Japan attacks Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941
● Japan captured Hong Kong (British territory),Burma and Malaya○ overran Dutch East Indies and French
Indochina
● United States enter as a main counterpart to Japan
● Japan starts its decline due to lack of resources
● Battle of the Coral Sea
● Atomic bombing on Hiroshima and Nagasaki
United Nation
● United Nations made between Allied forces○ added Soviet Union and China
● Provide a forum for negotiating international problems
● Includes the World Court of Justice○ concerned with problems of human
rights and famine○ programs directed toward specific
groups
Cold War
● Due to no clear peace negotiation after WWII
● Tehran Conference- Allies agree to invasion of Nazi- occupied France
● Yalta Conference-Split Germany into four zones○ France, United States, Soviet
Union, Britain
● Potsdam Conference-Determine who would gain which land after the war○ USSR, USA, UK
Nationalism and Decolonization
● Total War- smaller inner city wars due to WWII
● Atlantic Charter of 1941○ Sealed alliance between America
and Great Britain○ Stated the ideals and goals of the
war for Allied powers
● Caused Japanese government to push more aggressively against the United States and Britain○ Allowed people to choose which
form of government they wanted to live
Colonies in Southeast Asia
● WWII ended alliance b/w Indian National Congress and Britain○ Civil disobedience and the arrest of Nehru and Gandhi created
tension.
● Muslim League: Wanted partition of India into Muslim and Hindu areas.○ Sided with Britain
● 1947: India was divided into India and Pakistan○ Later: Sri Lanka and Burma (Myanmar)
● Retreat of Br from S. Asia created similar responses with the Dutch and French.○ Indonesia and Vietnam
Liberation of Nonsettler Africa
● Convention Peoples Party (CPP)- Against British legislature in the Gold Coast○ Mass rallies, boycotts, strikes
against the British○ Led by Kwame Nkrumah
● Nkrumah named prime minister of Ghana by the British○ Shows power transfer from Britain
to well educated Africans
● French began moving out of Africa, leaving economic and cultural ties
Guerrilla Warfare
● Kenya African Union (KAU)-Underground organization centered around radical leaders
● Land Freedom Army-used to fight and terrorize the British and African who were to be working with the British
● National Liberation Front (FLN)- Arab and Berber peoples to revolt against the French rule
● Secret Army Organization (OAS)-Attempt to prevent Algerian independence from France
● Algeria wins independence in 1962
White Supremacy in South Africa
● Afrikaner National Party-Devoted to win total independence from Britain
● Apartheid-system of racial segregation by the Afrikaners ○ Best jobs for whites and only
certain contact between racial groups
○ Black Africans could not vote○ Afrikaners make large police
to enforce these laws
● White Supremacy stays in control
Middle East
● Zionist- Those who feel Jewish people should have their own homeland
● Large Jewish immigration into Palestine
● Muslim revolt in Palestine
● Haganah-Zionist military force
● Partition of Palestine- Divided Palestine between Jewish and Arab states made by the UN
● War between Arab and Jewish state broke out over land
Global Connections
● Ended Western Imperialism throughout the world
● Well educated Africans took over the jobs of the Europeans
● Education now to teach more about Africa and Asia rather than just about Europe
● Many continue to communicate in English and French
● Europe still claims dominance of global economy○ African and Asian leaders had to promise to protect western
merchants and their interests
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