chapter 35: the biosphere - weebly
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35-1
Aquatic Communities
Aquatic communities can be classified as freshwater or saltwater.
The two sets of communities interact and are joined by the water cycle.
Gravity eventually returns all fresh water to the sea, but meanwhile, it is contained as standing water in lakes and ponds, or as flowing water within streams and rivers.
35-3
LakesLakes are bodies of freshwater often
classified by their nutrient status.
Oligotrophic lakes are nutrient-poor and have low productivity.
Eutrophic lakes are nutrient-rich and have high productivity.
Through the activities of both nature and humans, oligotrophic lakes become eutrophic through large inputs of nutrients; this is called eutrophication.
35-5
Standing-Water EcosystemsMicroscopic floating organisms in lakes
are called plankton; phytoplankton are photosynthesizing algae, and zooplankton are the tiny animals that eat them.
35-6
Freshwater Wetlands• A wetland is an ecosystem in which
water either covers the soil or is near the surface
• The three main types of freshwater wetlands are bogs (depressions where water collects), marshes (at river edge has grasses), and swamps (has trees and shrubs)
35-7
Estuaries
An estuary is a partially enclosed body of water where fresh water and salt water mix.
Organisms living there must be able to tolerate brackish water (mix of salt and fresh water).
Estuaries trap nutrients delivered by rivers and act as nurseries for larval fish.
Estuaries are the feeding grounds for man, birds, fish, and shellfish.
35-8
Estuaries
Near the mouth of a river, a salt marsh in
the temperate zone or a mangrove
swamp in the subtropical and tropical
zones is likely to develop.
35-11
Photic Zone: region of the ocean that
light penetrates
Aphotic Zone: permanently dark
In addition to the division between photic
and aphotic zones, marine biologists
divide the ocean into zones based on the
depth and distance from shore:
• the intertidal zone
• the coastal ocean
• the open ocean
Marine Ecosystems
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Marine Ecosystems
200 m
1,000 m
Aphotic
zone
Photic
zone
Abyssal
plain
Continental
slope
and continental
rise
Continental
shelf
Open
ocean
Coastal
ocean
Land
Ocean
trench
4,000 m
6,000 m
10,000 m
Marine Ecosystems
Intertidal Zone
Organisms that live in the intertidal zone are
exposed to regular and extreme changes in
their surroundings.
Competition among organisms in the rocky
intertidal zone often leads to zonation, the
prominent arrangement of organisms in a
particular habitat in horizontal bands.
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Marine Ecosystems
Coastal Ocean
The coastal ocean extends from
the low-tide mark to the outer
edge of the continental shelf.
It falls within the photic zone,
and photosynthesis occurs
throughout its depth.
The coastal ocean is often rich
in plankton and many other
organisms.
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Marine Ecosystems
Kelp forests are
named for their
dominant
organism, a giant
brown alga. Kelp
forests are one of
the most
productive coastal
ocean
communities.
Kelp forests
support a complex
food web.
35-17
Coral reefs are areas of biological
abundance found in shallow, warm
tropical waters.
Their chief constituents are stony corals
with a limestone exoskeleton, and red
and green algae.
.
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Marine Ecosystems
Open Ocean
The open ocean, the oceanic zone, extends from the
edge of the continental shelf outward.
It is the largest marine zone.
Most of the photosynthetic activity on Earth occurs in
the photic zone of the open ocean by the smallest
producers.
35-19
Benthic ZoneThe benthic zone includes
organisms living on or in the ocean floor
Organisms of the benthic zone (benthos) depend on the debris that floats down from above.
35-21
Chapter Summary
The spherical earth causes different
amounts of sunlight to be received at
different latitudes, resulting in
differences in temperature from the
equator to the poles.
The tilt and rotation of the earth cause the
four seasons.
Rising and falling air currents trigger moist
or dry areas across the globe.
35-22
Topography also influences rainfall patterns.
Terrestrial biomes are distributed according to climate; moisture and temperature determine major types of vegetation.
Terrestrial biomes include tundra, coniferous forest (taiga), temperate deciduous forest, tropical rain forest, shrublands, grasslands, savanna, and deserts.
Each biome has characteristic organisms.
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4-4
The photic zone is
• A. Found in the intertidal zone
• B. Where light penetrates
• C. contains plankton
• D. all of the above
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4-4
Coastal wetlands that are widespread in
tropical regions such as southern Florida
and Hawaii are known as
• detritus.
• bogs.
• mangrove swamps.
• benthos.
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4-4
Coral animals cannot grow in water that
• contains salt.
• contains oxygen.
• is cold.
• receives sunlight.
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