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Chapter 4:

Biodiversity & Evolution

Biologic Diversity (“biodiversity”)

o Definition (review)

o 4 Types of diversity

o Genetic

Biologic Diversity (“biodiversity”)

o Definition (review)

o 4 Types of diversity

o Species

Biologic Diversity (“biodiversity”)

o Definition (review)

o 4 Types of diversity

o Ecosystem

Biologic Diversity (“biodiversity”)

o Definition (review)

o 4 Types of diversity

o Functional

Biologic Evolution o Definition

o Survival Traits & Natural Selection

o Evolutionary Misconceptions

Evolutionary Misconceptions

1. Survival of the Fittest ≠ Survival of the Strongest

2. Individual species adapt out of want or need.

3. Species become progressively perfect.

4. Opposes tenants of religion

(belief vs. acceptance)

Biologic Evolution o Definition

o Survival Traits & Natural Selection

o Evolutionary Misconceptions

o Biologic Evolution (2 steps) o Genetic Variability

o Natural Selection

o Genetic Resistance

Biologic Evolution o Definition

o Survival Traits & Natural Selection

o Evolutionary Misconceptions

o Biologic Evolution (2 steps) o Genetic Variability

o Natural Selection

o Genetic Resistance

o Humans & Natural Selection o Opposable Thumbs

o Walking Upright

o Complex Brain

Movement of the Earth’s

Continents

over Millions of Years

Fig. 4-6, p. 85

225 million years ago 135 million years ago

65 million years ago Present

Fig. 4-6, p. 85

225 million years ago 135 million years ago

65 million years ago Present

Stepped Art

Speciation

• Process where 2 species

arise from 1

• Two ways speciation occurs:

– Geographic Isolation

– Reproductive Isolation

Fig. 5-7 p. 94

Extinction

• Factors affecting

extinction

– Plate tectonics

• Associated climate

change

Extinction

• Factors affecting

extinction

– Plate tectonics

• Associated climate

change

– Catastrophic events

• Background vs.

Mass Extinction

• Adaptive Radiation

Need fig 5-10 from textbook

4-5 Species Diversity

• Species Richness

• Species Evenness

Sequential Comparison • Run (def)

• SCI = # runs / total population

• SCI and Biodiversity are directly proportional

• Scale: 0.0 (low) 1.0 (high)

• Example: How has diversity of the Chicago Shipping

Canal (connected to Lake Michigan) changed?

– 1983 Data (fish caught along one trip): trout, perch, trout,

trout, perch, alewife, trout, alewife, perch, trout, perch, alewife,

trout, perch, trout, alewife, trout, trout, perch, trout, alewife.

– 2013 Data (fish caught along one trip): trout, trout, alewife,

alewife, alewife, trout, trout, perch, Asian carp, Asian carp, Asian

carp, Asian carp, alewife, trout, perch, Asian carp, trout, trout,

trout, trout.

Simpson Diversity Index

• Measures dominance of one species

• Simpson and SCI are inversely related

• Scale = 0.0 1.0

Simpson Index = Σ Ni (Ni -1)

N(N-1)

Forest “A”

Plant #

Spruce 20

Pine 10

Maple 30

Beech 60

Elm 20

Fir 60

Total 200

Forest “A”

Plant #

Spruce 20

Pine 10

Maple 30

Beech 60

Elm 20

Fir 60

Total 200

Plant #

Spruce 9

Pine 10

Maple 41

Beech 10

Elm 110

Fir 20

Total 200

Five niches organisms play

• Native

• Invasive

• Keystone

• Indicator

• Foundation

Case Studies:

Alligator • History

• Niche

• Status

Case Studies:

Amphibians

• History

• Present

• Concern?

• Status

Case Studies:

Shark

• Niche

• Myths vs. Fact

• Shark Finning

• Results of Decline

Tuesday, Oct 13th

, 2015

1. Turn lab books in (if you haven’t already)

2. UNIT 2 Test:

– 48 Multiple Choice Questions (approx. 25 mins)

• You MAY write directly on test

• Bubble in final answers on sheet provided

– Free Response (approx 20 mins)

• Answer in parts (a), (b), (c), (d)…

• Show work when asked

• No calculators permitted

3. Homework: Complete Sec 7-1 reading/notes

4. Class meets in library CPU lab on Thursday