chapter 4 carbon and the molecular diversity of life
Post on 10-Feb-2016
33 Views
Preview:
DESCRIPTION
TRANSCRIPT
Chapter 4 Carbon and the
Molecular Diversity of Life
Organic Chemistry The study of carbon
compounds.
Urea
Carbon’s versatility Forms 4 covalent bonds. Molecular shape is
tetrahedral.
Bonds easily to itself.
Major Elements Of Organic Molecules
Carbon: +4 or -4 Hydrogen: +1 Oxygen: -2 Nitrogen: -3
The valences are the “rules” for building organic molecules.
Hydrocarbons Organic molecules made of
only carbon and hydrogen.
Examples
Isomers Compounds with the same
molecular formula but have different structures.
Result: Different molecular and chemical properties.
Types Of Isomers
1. Structural2. Geometric3. Enantiomers
Structural Isomers Different in covalent
arrangements of their atoms.
Butane Isobutane
Geometric Isomers Same covalent partnership
but differ in spatial arrangements.
Arise from the inflexibility of double bonds.
Enantiomers Molecules that are mirror
images of each other. Usually involve an
asymmetric carbon.
Comment Organisms are sensitive to
even the most subtle variations in molecular architecture.
Example - Thalidomide Cells can distinguish between
two isomers. One is an effective drug. The other causes birth
defects.
Functional Groups A group of atoms attached to
a carbon skeleton. Have consistent properties. Their number and kind give
properties to the molecule.
Importance of Functional Groups
What to focus on: Structure of the functional
group Properties of the functional
group Examples of molecules with
the functional group
Aldehydes A carbonyl group at the end of a
carbon skeleton. Ex. - C=O
| H Sometimes written as - CHO
Ketones A carbonyl group in the
middle of a carbon chain. Ex. -C-C-C- || 0
Carboxylic Acids Donate H+ (acid). Form many weak organic
acids.
Summary Be able to recognize isomers. Know the seven functional
groups and what properties they give to molecules.
top related