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Chapter 5
Introduction to Nanobiology
2
Introduction to Nanobiology
Chapter 5
Biological Molecules: Components of the Molecular Machinery of Life
Structural Hierarchy in Biology Viewed from the Bottom-Up
Biological Function at the Nanoscale
Practical Applications
3
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Chapter
Section 1: Biological Molecules: Components of the Molecular Machinery of Life
Introduction to Nanobiology 15
Molecular Machines
The Biological Importance of Water
The Building Blocks of DNA: Nucleotides
Multifunctional Polymers: Proteins
Lipids
Carbohydrates
The Bonds of Molecular Components
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Molecular Machines
Biological Molecules: Components of the Molecular Machinery of Life 15
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Flagellar Motors
Biological Molecules: Components of the Molecular Machinery of Life 15
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The Biological Importance of Water
Biological Molecules: Components of the Molecular Machinery of Life 15
Liquid Water Ice
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Single Stranded DNA
Biological Molecules: Components of the Molecular Machinery of Life 15
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DNA: Watson-Crick Base Pairs
Biological Molecules: Components of the Molecular Machinery of Life 15
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Single Stranded RNA
Biological Molecules: Components of the Molecular Machinery of Life 15
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Multifunctional Polymers: Proteins
Biological Molecules: Components of the Molecular Machinery of Life 15
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Phospholipids
Biological Molecules: Components of the Molecular Machinery of Life 15
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Biological Molecules: Components of the Molecular Machinery of Life 15
Self Assembling Monolayer
Membrane
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Common Sugars – Cn(H2O)n
Biological Molecules: Components of the Molecular Machinery of Life 15
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Glucose
Biological Molecules: Components of the Molecular Machinery of Life 15
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Carbohydrates: Glucose Polymers
Biological Molecules: Components of the Molecular Machinery of Life 15
glycogenlinear: α (1 → 4) D-glucose
branch: α (1 → 6) D-glucose
celluloselinear: β (1 → 4) D-glucose
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Ribose
Biological Molecules: Components of the Molecular Machinery of Life 15
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Nucleic Acids
Biological Molecules: Components of the Molecular Machinery of Life 15
DNA RNA
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The Bonds of Molecular Components
polymer monomer atoms
nucleic acids DNA
RNA
4 nucleotides ( G C A T )4 nucleotides ( G C A U )
C H N O P
C H N O P
linear; A-helix
linear
proteins 20 D amino acids C H N O S linear
carbohydrates Cn(H2O)n n: 5, 6 C H O linear, branched
phospholipids C H N O P monolayer, bilayer
water H Ohydrogen bonded
network
Biological Molecules: Components of the Molecular Machinery of Life 15
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Section 2: Structural Hierarchy in Biology Viewed from the Bottom-Up
Introduction to Nanobiology 25
Learning from Nature
Structures within Structures: DNA
Complexity and Diversity of Structured Components: Proteins
Other Structures within Structures: Cells
Structures within Cells: Phospholipids
Inner Components of Cells: Organelles
Origin of Color in Biology: Chemical or Structural?
Physical Characteristics
Bottom-Up Hierarchy
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Learning from Nature
Structural Hierarchy in Biology Viewed from the Bottom-Up 25
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Structures within Structures: DNA
Structural Hierarchy in Biology Viewed from the Bottom-Up 25
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Scaffolded DNA Origami
Structural Hierarchy in Biology Viewed from the Bottom-Up 25
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Complexity and Diversity of Proteins
Structural Hierarchy in Biology Viewed from the Bottom-Up 25
Primary Protein Structure Secondary Protein
Structure
Quaternary Protein Structure
Tertiary Protein Structure
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Protein Folding
Structural Hierarchy in Biology Viewed from the Bottom-Up 25
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Collagen Self-Assembly
Structural Hierarchy in Biology Viewed from the Bottom-Up 25
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Other Structures within Structures: Cells
Structural Hierarchy in Biology Viewed from the Bottom-Up 25
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Other Structures within Structures: Cells
Structural Hierarchy in Biology Viewed from the Bottom-Up 25
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Inner Components of Cells: Organelles
Structural Hierarchy in Biology Viewed from the Bottom-Up 25
Nucleus− DNA storage and gene expression
Mitochondria− Energy conversion: glucose bonds to ATP
bonds
Chloroplasts− Energy conversion: sunlight to ATP bonds
Endoplasmic Reticulum− Synthesis and transport processes
Golgi Apparatus− Synthesis and transport processes
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Structures within Cells: Phospholipids
Structural Hierarchy in Biology Viewed from the Bottom-Up 25
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Structures within Cells: Phospholipids
Structural Hierarchy in Biology Viewed from the Bottom-Up 25
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Origin of Color in Biology: Chemical or Structural?
South American Butterfly from Genus Morpho− Tops of brown wings appear
iridescent blue
− Photonic structures• Constructive interference
fromStacked chitin lamellae (~70 nm)
Structural Hierarchy in Biology Viewed from the Bottom-Up 25
False color SEM image, X14,000
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Origin of Color in Biology: Chemical or Structural?
Structural Hierarchy in Biology Viewed from the Bottom-Up 25
Blue-Ringed Octopus− Hapalochlaena lunulata
Dynamic Photonic Structure− ~70 nm Bragg reflector with
adjustable spacing
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Physical Characteristics
Structural Hierarchy in Biology Viewed from the Bottom-Up 25
154 ± 1º153 ± 1º
Biomimetic Silanized Silicon SurfaceLotus Leaf
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Bottom-Up Hierarchy
Biological Molecules
Cells
Tissues
Organisms
Populations and Communities
Ecosystems
Biosphere
Structural Hierarchy in Biology Viewed from the Bottom-Up 25
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Section 3: Biological Function at the Nanoscale
Introduction to Nanobiology 35
Processes of DNA− Reproduction of genetic information
− Gene expression and RNA
Energy Production for Cell Use− Transportation of materials for energy production
− Cross-membrane energy production and storage
− Energy production through sunlight conversion
Energy Processes as Motors− Nanomotors
Cell and Environment Interaction
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Gene Expression and RNA
Biological Function at the Nanoscale 35
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Reproduction of Genetic Information
Biological Function at the Nanoscale 35
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Energy Production for Cell Use
Biological Function at the Nanoscale 35
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Transportation of Materials for Energy Production
Biological Function at the Nanoscale 35
f empty binding site
T ATP
D ADP
P Pi
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Cross-Membrane Energy Production and Storage
Biological Function at the Nanoscale 35
3 Na+cytosol + 2 K+
out + ATP → 3 Na+out + 2 K+
cytosol + ADP + Pi
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Cross-Membrane Energy Production and Storage
Biological Function at the Nanoscale 35
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Energy Production through Sunlight Conversion
Biological Function at the Nanoscale 35
3 H+lumen + ADP + Pi → 3 H+
stroma + ATP
Matrix/Stroma
Intermembrane Space/Lumen
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Energy Processes as Motors
Biological Function at the Nanoscale 35
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Nanomotors
Biological Function at the Nanoscale 35
Biomimetic Nanomotor Requirements− Energy source
− Unidirectional, 360º rotation
Biomotor Predictions− 0.05 to 0.2 rotations per picosecond
Mixotricha Paradoxa, a Cellulose-Digesting Protozoan that Inhabits Termite Guts− Translocation from symbiotic bacterial colony
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Cell and Environment Interaction
Biological Function at the Nanoscale 35
Dynamic Focal Adhesion Complex
Integrin Surface Proteins
ECM Recognition Site: RGD
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Section 4: Practical Applications
Introduction to Nanobiology 45
DNA Sequencing
Detection and Diagnostics
DNA Microarrays
Protein Microarrays
Detection Using Nanoparticles
Materials Delivery System
Creating Compatible Artificial Surfaces
Creating Tissues Out of Cells
Looking Ahead
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DNA Sequencing
Practical Applications 45
Conventional Nanotechnology Concept
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Detection and Diagnostics
Practical Applications 45
Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA)
Immuno-PCR
Bio-Barcode Assay
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Microarrays
Practical Applications 45
Protein Microarrays
DNA Microarrays
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Detection Using Nanoparticles
Practical Applications 45
Visualization − Quantum dots
Targeted Delivery− Magnetic or optically
activated nanoparticles
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Materials Delivery System
Practical Applications 45
Giant Unilamellar Vesicle
Liposomal Gene Delivery
Vesicles
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Creating Compatible Artificial Surfaces
Practical Applications 45
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Looking Ahead
Practical Applications 45
When Might We See:− Transplantable tissues created from cells?
− Organ replacement via tissue engineering?
− Life be created by directed assembly of molecular systems?
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