chapter 5 “three is the key for memory” qz. #6 pages 181-201
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Chapter 5
“THREE is the KEY for MEMORY”
Qz. #6 pages 181-201
Imagine what it would be like to have no memory◦By the time I am done saying this sentence,
you would have forgotten the beginning of it…and now you would have no recollection of it at all.
◦Memory is essential to being able to learn and being able to think
On the other hand, imagine what it would be like if you never forgot anything◦You would have difficulties focussing on any one
thingIn order to function properly in life, we need
to be able to selectively remember certain things, while at the same time forget others
Most of us only think of our memory when we can’t remember something; any other time our memory comes naturally we take it for granted
In order to function properly in life, we needto be able to selectively remember certain
things, while at the same time forget others.
Memory vs. LearningMemory vs. Learning
◦Learning = a process that will modify a subsequent behaviour; it is a permanent change in our knowledge or in our behaviour as a result of an experience
◦Memory = the ability to remember past experiences; Memory is basically nothing more than the record that is left behind by a learning process/experience
What is Memory?What is Memory?
…is defined as the capacity to acquire, retain, and recall knowledge and skills.
MEMORY
System that allows for retention of what is Learned
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Your brain works on electrochemical energy weights approximately 3 pounds
Size of fists together
More than 100 billion brain cells called neurons
Connections more important than Connections more important than numbernumber
Types of MemoryTypes of Memory
Episodic Memory◦Ability to recall events from a specific past
experience◦i.e. what was on the last Anthropology test
Semantic Memory◦Knowledge of how the world works, but you
haven’t actually experienced it yourself◦i.e. what is an Australopithecus afarensis?
Procedural Memory◦Knowledge of how to do things◦i.e. how to ride a bike
Three Types of Memory
1.Episodic – memories of personal experience
2.Semantic – general knowledge or memory for facts
3.Procedural – memory for skills
Episodic – Do you remember your first interaction with a personal computer?
Semantic – Do you know the meaning of personal computer?
Procedural – Are you fluent in the use of a personal computer?
Three Levels Three Levels of Memoryof Memory
Levels of MemoryLevels of Memory
Sensory Memory◦Receives information from the environment
through your five senses◦Records this information for only a few seconds◦Enables you to hold information long enough to
record what is necessary◦i.e. what does it feel like to bang your elbow on
the desk?
1. Sensory Memory - the type or stage of memory first encountered by a stimulus. Sensory memory holds impressions briefly, but long enough so that series of perceptions are psychologically continuous.
• Saccadic Eye Movement
• Memory trace
• Sensory RegisterIconic memoryEchoic memory
Three Levels of Memory
Different Levels of MemoryDifferent Levels of Memory
Short-Term Memory (aka. Working Memory)◦Memory that is stored for 15 – 20 seconds
information in your mind right now (unrehearsed memory)
◦If you continue to work with the information, it will remain in your STM longer or will be transferred into your LTM
◦can store up to 7, separate, unorganized items, plus or minus 2 more than 7 items begins to stress out our STM unless
we organize the info into meaningful groups i.e. NFL, NHL, NBA are easier to remember than FNL,
HLN, ABN◦Information in your STM is lost by decay (the
fading of information over time) or displacement (replaced by new information)
Short Term MemoryShort Term Memory (STM) (STM)
SERIAL POSITION EFFECTSERIAL POSITION EFFECT – – the tendency to recall the tendency to recall more accurately the first and last items in a series.more accurately the first and last items in a series.
PRIMACY EFFECTPRIMACY EFFECT – – the tendency to recall the tendency to recall the initial items in a series of items.the initial items in a series of items.
RECENCY EFFECTRECENCY EFFECT – – the tendency to recall the tendency to recall the last items in a series of items.the last items in a series of items.
[ 7+/-2 - about 1 min.]
Test #1Test #1How many unrelated items can you store
in your short-term memory?
76512
830956
88325813
447143563
2798461573
Test #2Test #2Testing your short-term memory
Different Levels of MemoryDifferent Levels of Memory
Long-Term Memory◦Information that is important and meaningful to
you will be stored in your long-term memory◦Memory that is longer than 15 – 20 seconds (can
last minutes or a lifetime)◦This memory has been compared to the workings
of a library Information is encoded and stored in a systematic and
organized way It is retrieved by giving cues (like an online search) It is lost when it is misplaced, improperly stored, or
erased
Mnemonic Device
System for remembering in which items are related to easily recalled sets of symbols, such as acronyms,
phrases, or jingles
“i” before “e” except after “c”
“Be, all that you can be!”
“Like a Rock”
“Every Good Boy Does Fine!”
EXAMPLES
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Which is involved?
1.First Kiss 10.Use a computer
2.Riding a bike 11.Spell C-A-T
3.Walking through a maze 12.Driving a car
4.List the 50 states 13.H20
5.Define Memory 14.Describe a fight to someone
6.Cut and Paste an art project 15.First day in high school
7.Writing notes off an overhead
8.Formula for classical conditioning
9.Witness a car accident
Three Three ProcessesProcesses of Memory of Memory
1..ENCODINGENCODING - modifying information so that it can be placed in - modifying information so that it can be placed in
memory memory
a. visual codea. visual code
b. acoustic codeb. acoustic code
c. semantic codec. semantic code
2.2.STORINGSTORING - maintenance of information over time - maintenance of information over time
a. maintenance rehearsal a. maintenance rehearsal
3.3.RETRIEVINGRETRIEVING - location of stored information and its return to- location of stored information and its return to consciousnessconsciousness
a. proper cuesa. proper cues
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ENCODINGENCODING
STORINGSTORING
RETRIEVINGRETRIEVING
Experiment:
Number your papers from one to twenty.
You will see a list of terms - try to remember them in their proper numeric position.
Ready!Experiment Time!
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17761812186119141941
Check your answers!Check your answers!
17761812186119141941
Short Term Memory (STM)
OTHER KEY TERMS:
Chunk - a stimulus or group of stimuli that are perceived as a discrete piece of information
*Rote - mechanical associative learning that is based on repetition
Displace - in memory theory, to cause chunks of information to be lost from short term memory by adding new items
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3. Long Term Memory
repression
reconstructive
elaborative rehearsal
context-dependent memory
state-dependent memory
In order to study FORGETTING
1st We need to know what nonsense syllables are.
2nd We need to know what the three basic memory tasks are.
3rd How are nonsense syllables and the three memory tasks related?
Remember,3 is the key
•Meaningless sets of two consonants, with Meaningless sets of two consonants, with a vowel sandwiched in between, that are a vowel sandwiched in between, that are used to study memoryused to study memory
1st We need to know what nonsense syllables are.
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Three Tasks of Memory A. A. RReecognitioncognition – the easiest memory task, – the easiest memory task, involving identification of objects or events involving identification of objects or events encountered beforeencountered before
B. B. RRecallecall – retrieval and reconstruction of learned – retrieval and reconstruction of learned materialmaterial
a. a. paired associatespaired associates – nonsense syllables – nonsense syllables presented in pairs in experiments that presented in pairs in experiments that measure recallmeasure recall
C. C. RReelearninglearning – a measure of retention; material – a measure of retention; material is usually relearned more quickly than it is is usually relearned more quickly than it is learned initiallylearned initially
a. a. method of savingsmethod of savings & & savingssavings
2nd We need to know what the three basic memory tasks are.
Let’s do an experiment!
Get your notebook and a pen or pencil ready.
Ready?
HOK MIB
JEK BAC
XAR MUP
GOR NIF
WOM CEG
Study the list below for 30 seconds. Ready?
BAC BUH YUP HOY
WOQ NJI HOK KIJ
JEK CEG MOK FOV
MUP WOM ZES CID
DER XAR MIB SQW
NIF CIF GOR ROG
VOY JIN WIM GOH
Now, using the list below, pull out the nonsense syllables you just studied.
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BAC BUH YUP HOY
WOQ NJI HOK KIJ
JEK CEG MOK FOV
MUP WOM ZES CID
DER XAR MIB SQW
NIF CIF GOR ROG
VOY JIN WIM GOH
Now check your answers!
Discuss the results
How many did you get correct?
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Part II
Study the list below for 30 seconds.
TIW NAX
JEZ RUH
WEV QUL
LUB YOF
KAJ PUM
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TIW __________
JEZ __________
WEV __________
LUB __________
KAJ __________
Now, fill in the missing nonsense syllable.
TIW NAX
JEZ RUH
WEV QUL
LUB YOF
KAJ PUM
Check your answers!
Paired Associates – nonsense syllables presented in pairs to measure recall
Which list was easier?
Why?
Now, apply the vocabulary terms!
Exploring Human MemoryExploring Human Memory
Experiment 1 Let's do an experiment. Get a piece of paper and a pencil. Listen to the sound file. 20 words will be read with an interval of about one second between each word. Do not write anything until the file has finished playing. Write as many words as you can remember, regardless of order. Do not guess.
Here is the list for Experiment 1: North
apple John red dime pear Bill blue quarter West dollar South grape nickel yellow East green Robert banana Charlie
Experiment 2Here's another experiment to try. Again, 20
words will be read with an interval of about one second between each word. Do not write anything until the file has finished playing. Write as many words as you can remember, regardless of order. Do not guess.
Here is the list for Experiment 2: bream later pot start job clog Mayor else wage jowl chap trout lot tape dusk wreak list smug duck big
Experiment 3 Let's do one more experiment. Again, 20 words will be read with an interval of about one second between each word. Do not write anything until the file has finished playing. Play the file only once. This time, before you write the words, start at the number 18 and count backwards in intervals of threes out loud as rapidly as possible, so you'll start at 18, then the next is 15, and so on. After you finish, write as many words as you can remember, regardless of order. Do not guess.
Here is the list for Experiment 3: time
stab solve house mutt draft say off royal court slot hand dirt plot out greet dent stale stone dice
3 R’s 3 R’s
1. Recall
2. Recognition
3. Relearning
A. In information processing, the easiest memory task, involving identification of objects or event encountered before
B. A measure of retention. Material is usually relearned more quickly than it is learned initially
C. Retrieval and reconstruction of learned materials
matching
INTERFERENCE THEORYWe may forget stored material because
other learning interferes with it
Retroactive Interference - forget the old because of the new
Proactive Interference - forget the new because of the old
Provide a few examples
Provide a few examples
AmnesiaChildhood Amnesia
Anterograde Amnesia
Retrograde Amnesia
•State reasons for childhood amnesia
Check textbook (pages 206-207)
•What is your earliest memory?•How old were you?
Failure to remember events that occur AFTER physical trauma because of the effects of the trauma
Failure to remember events that occur prior (retro = old) to physical trauma because of the effects of the trauma
Video
Dateline NBC
“Forget Me Not”
Amnesia
Improving Memory Improving Memory
1. Visualize it! Visualize it!
2. Chain it! Chaining
3.Place it! The Method of Loci
4.Chunk it! Chunking
5.Acrostic it! Those Catchy Phrases
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Ten Principles of Memory Ten Principles of Memory Pay attention Get the info right the 1st time Be sure you fully understand Try to see the significance of what you’re learning Involve your ego, if possible Associate new material with related facts you know Organize the material so that it can be stored If there is a basis for doing so, divide and group Reinforce what you’ve learned through repetition Recite often !
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