chapter 6 - dr. fenwick english, leadership for dr. kritsonis' phd class
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8/8/2019 Chapter 6 - Dr. Fenwick English, Leadership for Dr. Kritsonis' PhD Class
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Understanding the Landscape of
Educational Leadership
Chapter 6
William Allan Kritsonis, PhD
8/8/2019 Chapter 6 - Dr. Fenwick English, Leadership for Dr. Kritsonis' PhD Class
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Purpose
³«to describe the conceptual landscape of
educational leadership, including the major
epochs of foundational writings which inform
leadership studies in the past and present.´
8/8/2019 Chapter 6 - Dr. Fenwick English, Leadership for Dr. Kritsonis' PhD Class
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Modernism
³Modernism«continues to dominate thought
in education and educational leadership in
particular.´
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Central Tenets of Modernism
I. Epochs
Pseudo-scientific
Early scientific
Behaviorism
Structuralism
Feminist & Critical Theory Critical Race Theory
Queer Theory
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Modernism«
³still at play in the leadership discourse of
contemporary times´
is the dominate influence
largest number of scholars, writers,researchers remain engaged
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Modernism¶s Key Beliefs
Rationality is the best approach to promote
insight and understanding
Science represents progress
Objective and neutral
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The Pseudo-scientific Epoch
Frederick W. Taylor (1856 ± 1915)
1st premier management consultant
Was an engineer in the steel industry
Created and introduced ³scientificmanagement´ in 1911
³one best way´
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Modernism«
Understood that ³planning´ and ³doing´ are
different
³The planner is needed to supply the doer
with direction and measurements, with the
tools of analysis and synthesis, withmethodology and with standards.´
-Peter Drucher, 1974
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Job De-skilling
³where work tasks are separated and broken
down into smaller and smaller pieces until the
education levels required to engage in the
work are so lowered that labor costs can be
reduced.´
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Job De-skilling«.
Job de-skilling requires:
Planners
Workers
Absolute managerial authority
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Question: What is the bottom line?
Answer: efficiency and profitability!
Question: Should education truly be run like
business?
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Scientific Management isn¶t ³scientific´ at all!
Mainstream American business management
Total Quality Management
(Deming, 1980¶s-1990s)
Strategic Planning
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Total Quality Management
TQM
Aimed at reducing variability
Enhances control
Attains greater precision
Language permeates administrative texts!
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The Early Scientific Epoch
Henry Fayol (1842 ± 1925)
Called the ³Father of Modern Management Theory´
Believed 5 primary functions of administration:
Planning Coordinating
Organizing Controlling
Commanding
(leadership)
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Early Scientific Epoch
Mary Parker Tollett (1868 ± 1933)
Developed the ³law of the situation´
A) compromise
B) domination
C) integration - the best!
Laid ground work for organization development
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Early Scientific Epoch
Chester Barnard (1886 ± 1961)
Functions of the executive:
1. Purpose as a requisite for unifying organization
2. Establish effective communication
A. understandable
B. consistent with subordinates¶ understanding of
organization¶s purpose C. consistent with individual¶s own personal purposes
D. able to be carried out by the individual
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The Behaviorism Epoch
Anchored by the work of Herbert Simon;
offspring of B.F. Skinner
Observable and measurable actions under the
conscious control of an individual who is
responding to stimuli in a specific situation
In line with SM and TQM
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The Behaviorism Epoch
Simon ± rational organizational behavior
Maximizes results at the lowest cost
Casts out the human dimension
Eliminates personality as a domain
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The Behaviorism Epoch
Douglas McGregor
Theory X and Theory Y
Based on an analysis of managers¶ behaviors
in business
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The Structuralism Epoch
A study of whole units or structures represents
the key to understanding individual
phenomenon (behaviors)
The Social Psychology of Organizations
Katz and Kahn (1966) ± combined the views of
psychologists and sociologists
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The Structuralism Epoch
General Systems Theory
Ludwig von Bertalanffy
Organizations In Action
James Thompson
Structure in Fives
Mintzberg
Reframing Organizations
Bolman and Deal ± Frame theory
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Feminist/Critical Theory Epoch
modern movement began with Betty
Friedman¶s The Feminist Mystique
transformations include: androgyny and
gender polarization
Kathy Ferguson¶s The Feminist Case Against
Bureaucracy ± huge impact in business,
public and educational administration
Jurgen Habermas ± Moral Consciousness
and Communicative Action
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Feminist/Critical Theory Epoch
The fundamental impact of the Feminist/Critical
Theory Epoch was a change in perspective
that encouraged women to adopt different
personas within the workplace that contrastedwith traditional, societal roles. The literature
created during this epoch also coached
women on how to overcome subservience
and gain equality by manipulating thebureaucratic, political and social systems
within the workplace.
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Critical Race Theory Epoch
Is centered on the notion that racism is
endemic in American life and exists in
educational institutions in a myriad of forms
Not individual but institutional/structural
Purpose is to end racial inequality
Recognizes the importance of historical
context and the personal accounts of individuals who have experienced situations
that counter dominant perceptions
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Critical Race Theory Epoch
Key Texts in CRT include:
Critical Race Theory: The Cutting Edge by
Richard Delgado, 1995
³Toward a Critical Race Theory of Education´
by Gloria Ladson-Billings and William Tate,Teachers College Record, 1995
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The Queer Theory Epoch
Challenges the social system¶s construction
of sexual identities and seeks to expose them
as invalid descriptors
Advances 5 perspectives:
1. Seeks to come to terms with sexual identity
2. Works to deconstruct sexual norms and
practices in institutional life3. Is confrontational
4. Sees sexual identity as more than sexual
5. Views society as political and cultural
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The Post Modern Epoch
The prevailing thought is that postmodernity has
no coherent theme, except in what it chooses
to reject.
It posits that there are no realities outside of aperson¶s culture and experience. Reality is
constructed, multidimensional and
multitheoretical.
Postmodernists deny the ³reality´ that anchors
modernism
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The Post Modern Epoch
Jacques Derrida (1930-2004) ± presented the
anatomy of de-construction, a way to take
apart textual passages.
1st reading ± interpretation of the text
2nd reading ± look for contradictions, hidden
silences, binaries, and circularities in the text
The 2nd
reading may offer a very differentreading of what most people think the text is
about
Texts are about what is and is not said.
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The Post Modern Epoch
³De-construction makes it possible for
postmodernists to expose the flaws and
assumptions in modernism as irrational. Yet
postmodernism does not offer any alternative
because to do so would be to center
something in its place.´
Fenwick English, 2007
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Kitsch Management
³Kitsch´ is a slang term for ³rubbish or trash´
Have high emotional appeal ± usually
sentimentality
Requires no knowledge, understanding,
critique or analysis
Satisfies immediate desire
Non-challenging Does not question socio-political reality or
vested interests
Reinforces prejudices
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Kitsch Management
Avoids unpleasant conflicts
Promises a happy ending
Stephen Covey ± The Seven Habits of Highly
Effective People
Jim Collins ± Good to Great
Spencer Johnson ± Who Moved My Cheese?John Maxwell ± The 360 Degree Leader
Larry Julian ± GOD Is My CEO
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Kitsch Management
³These texts oversimplify reality and promise a
rationality that does not exist in the real world.
Because they avoid dealing with managerial
subtleties and erase situational complexitiesand conflicts, they are at their base ideologies
being passed off as codified wisdom.´
- Fenwick English, 2007
Jim Collins ± TQM, ³managementspeak´,
timeless principles, absolute certainty, equate
to Fantasyland
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